Biology Ecology

Front 1

Habitat

Back 1

Place where an organism lives

Front 2

Population

Back 2

All the organisms of one species living in a habitat

Front 3

Community

Back 3

The populations of different species living in a habitat

Front 4

Ecosystem

Back 4

Interaction of a community of biotic and abiotic parts of their environment

Front 5

Organism compete for:

Back 5

Plants- light, space, water, mineral ions

Animals- territory, food, water, mates

Front 6

Abiotic factors

Back 6

Moisture level • Light intensity • Temperature • CO2 level (plants) • Wind intensity and direction • Oxygen levels (aquatic animals) • Soil pH and mineral content

Hint 6

Non-living factors in the environment

Front 7

Biotic factors

Back 7

New predators • New pathogens • Competition • Availability of food

Hint 7

Living factors of the environment

Front 8

3 Types is Adaptations

Back 8

Structural - shape, colour

Behaviours - migration

Functional - related to reproduction, metabolism etc (e.g bears lower metabolism in hibernation)

Front 9

Extremophiles

Back 9

Microorganisms that are adapted to live in very extreme conditions

Front 10

Quadrats

Back 10

A square frame enclosing a known area - useful when comparing how common an organism is in two sample areas

Front 11

Environmental factors affecting distribution of organisms

Back 11

Availability of water, Temperature, Change in composition of atmospheric gases

Hint 11

Cause by seasonal factors, geographic factors or human interaction

Front 12

Water cycle

Back 12

Evaporation + Transpiration • Condensation • Precipitation • Surface run off + Infiltration

Front 13

Carbon Cycle

Back 13

CO2 is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis

CO2 is added to the atmosphere by : respiration of plants algae and animals + detritus feeders, burning fossil fuels and wood, detritus feeders decay carbon in soil

Hint 13

Carbon moves through the food chain

Front 14

Factors affecting rate of decay

Back 14

Temperature, Oxygen availability, Water availability, Number of decay organisms

Front 15

Biogas

Back 15

Produced by the anaerobic decay of waster material (mainly made up of methane gas)

Made by many microorganisms

Hint 15

Can’t be stored as a liquid (needs a ridiculously high pressure) - must be used straight away

Front 16

Peat Bogs

Back 16

Areas of land that are acidic and waterlogged - plants in them don’t fully decay, leaving partly rotted plants (builds up to form peat)

Hint 16

Not enough oxygen

Front 17

Problems with destroying peat bogs

Back 17

Microorganisms decompose the peat as it is exposed to oxygen - they repaired and release CO2 • Burning peat releases CO2 • Destroys habitats and reduces biodiversity

Hint 17

Drained for farmland or peat is cut up and used as fuel, sold as compost - being used faster than it forms

Front 18

Protecting Ecosystems and Biodiversity

Back 18

Breeding programmes, programmes to protect and regenerate rare habitats, reintroducing hedgerows and field margins, regulations to reduce deforestation, encouraging recycling

Hint 18

To minimise damage caused by human activities

Front 19

Problems with maintaining biodiversity

Back 19

Expensive (prioritise money for other things), affects livelihoods, protecting food security more important?

Front 20

Tropic Levels

Back 20

1- producers 2- primary consumers 3- secondary consumers 4- tertiary consumers 5-apex predators

Front 21

Biomass transfer between trophic levels

Back 21

Some parts of organisms are inedible • Organisms don’t absorb all the ingest (egested as faeces) • Some biomass is converted into other substances that are lost as waste - glucose to respire

Front 22

Factors affecting food security

Back 22

Increasing population, dietary demand, farming with pests and pathogens, changes in climate, high farming costs, conflicts over food availability

Front 23

Protecting fish stocks

Back 23

Fishing quotas - prevents overfishing

Net size - lets younger fish go free and avoids catching wrong fish

Front 24

Making food production more efficient

Back 24

Factory farming of livestock and fish eww not okay, feed animals high protein food to increase growth, control temp reduces energy transfer through body temp control

Front 25

Mycroprotein

Back 25

Used to make high Previn meat substitutes for vegetarian meals

Made from fusarium which is grown in fermenters in aerobic conditions on glucose syrup (it’s food)

Fungal biomass is harvested and purified to produce micro protein

Front 26

Uses of biogas

Back 26

Heating, cooking, lighting, power a turbine to generate electricity

Front 27

GM crops

Back 27

Grow better in drought, pest resistant, more nutrition

Should tackle poverty first, may become dependent on GM countries, poor soil means they won’t survive

Front 28

Genetic Engineering To Produce Human Insulin

Back 28

A plasmid is removed from a bacterium • insulin gene is cut out of a human chromosome using a restriction enzyme • the cut leaves a ‘sticky end’ - DNA strand with unpaired bases • cut open plasmid with same restriction enzyme leaving same stick ends • plasmid and human insulin gene are mixed together • ligase enzyme is added to join ends to produce recombinant DNA • this is inserted into a bacterium • grown in vat under controlled conditions • insulin can be harvested and purified to treat diabetes

Hint 28

End up with millions of bacteria that produce insulin

Front 29

Batch Generators

Back 29

Makes biogas in small batches - manually loaded up with waste, leave waste to digest, clear away bi-products after each session

Hint 29

Get waste from excreted material made by humans, animals and farm & garden waste

Front 30

Continuous generators

Back 30

Make biogas all the time - waste is continuously fed in and biogas is produced at a steady rate

Hint 30

Get waste form sewage works and sugar factories

Front 31

Biogas Generators Need:

Back 31

An inlet for waste material

An outlet for digested material

An outlet for biogas to go to where it’s needed

Hint 31

Must be kept at a constant temperature to keep the microorganisms respiring away

Front 32

Biodiversity

Back 32

The variety of different species of organisms on Earth within an ecosystem

Front 33

Why is high biodiversity important?

Back 33

Makes sure ecosystems are stable (interdependence), so humans can survive

Front 34

More people

Back 34

More waste (pollution of water, land and air) more environmental damage - geography basically

Front 35

Uses of land

Back 35

Building, quarrying, farming, dumping waste - less land for other organisms

Front 36

Problems with deforestation

Back 36

Less CO2 taken, More CO2 in atmosphere, less biodiversity

Front 37

Examples of Biotechnology

Back 37

Growing microorganisms for food (mycroprotiens)

Genetic Modification