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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Woese |
Discovered that Archaea RNA base sequence differs from bacteria
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Darwin |
He predicted Evolution and showed evidence
Evidence of Evolution Fossils Biogeographical Evidence Anatomical Evidence Biochemical Evidence |
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Lamarck |
Proposed evolution and diversity with environmental adaptation by using giraffe necks as an example
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Linneaus |
Father of taxonomy; Developed the binomial system (Genus species)
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Malthus |
Said more individuals are produced than the environment can support
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Leeuwenhoek |
Father of mircobiology |
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Symmetry |
Asymmetry- No body shape (sponges)
Radial Symmetry- arrangement of an organism around a man axis Bilateral Symmetry- central plane with two halves |
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Sponges |
-Only animal to lack true tissues
-Saclike bodies perforated by many pores -Sessile (filter feeders) -Reproduce asexually by fragmentation or budding, or sexually generating a flagellated larva that can move to a new location |
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Comb Jellies |
Solitary, free-swimming -transparent -sometimes bioluminescent -largest animals propelled by beating of cilia Comb-like appearance |
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Cnidaria |
-Tubular -reside in shallowmarine waters -two layer -stinging cells (cindocytes) -stomach activity coral reefs, all jelly fish, sea anemone |
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Phyla Lophophorata & Rotifera |
Lophophores -crest bearing -moss animals -lamp shells -phoronid worms Rotifera -crown of cilia that is used for movement and eating -Leeuwenhoek gave description of Rotifer vulgaris in 1702 |
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Phylum Platyhelminthes- Flatworms |
-Taenia saginata (e.g.Tapeworm from beef) -Taenia solium (e.g.Tapeworm from pork) -Schistosoma mansoni is a trematode |
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Phylum Annelida –segmented worms |
Earthworms and medicinal leeches |
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Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms) |
-Ascaris – large intestinal roundworm -Trichinella – causes Trichinosis Filarial worms -Dirofilaria immitis Causes filariasis (Heartworms) Wuchereria bancrofti causes elephantiasis |
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Phylum Mollusca -Bivalves -Gastropods -Cephalopods |
Visceral Mass: contains the internal organs Mantle: may secrete shell and/or contribute to development of gills or lungs Foot: muscle adapted for locomotion, attachment, or food capture |
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Phylum Mollusca Bivalves |
Clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops -Shell of two hinged parts, closed by powerful muscles - filter feeders |
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Phylum Mollusca Gastropods |
Slugs, snails, whelks, chonchs, limpets, nudibranchs -largest class of molluscs -long flat foot |
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Phylum Mollusca Cephalopods |
Squids and octopi - Head Footed |
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Phylum Arthropods |
-Rigid, jointed exoskeleton (Must molt as they grow) -Head, thorax, abdomen |
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Arthropoda - Crustacea |
Shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, and crabs |
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Arthropoda - Myriapoda |
Centipedes, Millipedes |
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Arthropoda - Hexapoda |
INSECTS Thorax bears three pairs of legs and sometimes one or two pairs of wings |
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Arthropoda- Chelicerata |
Spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, mites |
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Phylum Echinoderma |
Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars The largest phylum that has does not exist in freshwater or terrestrial environments |
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Conjugation |
-Conjugation pilus forms between two cells -Donor cell passes DNA to recipient cell through the pilus |
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Transformation |
-Occurs when bacterium picks up free pieces of DNA from other prokaryotes -Becomes incorporated into genome |
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Transduction |
-Occurs when bacteriophages carry portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another -Serve as vectors |
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Bacteria Shapes |
Spiral (spirilli), Rod (bacilli), Round (cocci) |
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Obligate aerobes |
unable to grow in the absence of free oxygen |
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Obligate anaerobes |
unable to grow in the presence of free oxygen |
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Facultative anaerobes |
able to grow in either the presence or absence of free oxygen |
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Protista |
Protists are unicellular eukaryotes -Some are photosynthetic -Many are heterotrophic -Some are mixotrophic |
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Euglenids – Phylum Euglenophyta |
Two flagella One eyespot Have chloroplasts |
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Zooflagellates – Phylum Zoomastigophora |
TrypanosomaAfrican sleeping sickness - Tsetse fly Trichomonas vaginalis-Sexually transmitted, infects urogenital organs, and is a common cause of vaginitis |
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Amoebas (phylum Rhizopoda) |
-Phagocytize food -Entamoeba histolytica - a parasite of the colon; Causes amoebic dysenteryCan be fatal |
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Slime Molds Phylum Myxomycota |
Body in the form of a plasmodium |
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Foraminiferans and Radiolarians (phylum Foraminifera) &(phylum Actinipoda) |
Form a TEST; a mineral skeleton Foraminiferans - calcium Radiolarians- glassy silicon |
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Dinoflagellates |
Causes red tide that turns water red and kills massive amounts of fish. If the fish are consumed person will develop respiratory paralysis |
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Sporozoans – Phylum Apicomplexa |
Most serious example of parasitic disease in humans is malaria Toxoplasma Causes toxoplasmosis |
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Ciliates – Phylum Ciliophora |
Ciliates are the most complex of protists |
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Opisthokonts |
-includes both unicellular and in some cases multicellular eukaryotes with a single, posterior flagellum. Choanoflagellates- related to sponges Nucleariids- related to fungus |
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Stramenopiles |
Multicellular |
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Stramenopiles: Diatoms |
Are major photosynthesis producers Diatomaceous earth made of their remains is used as: a filtering agent, soundproofing material, and a polishing abrasive |
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Stramenopiles: Red Algae (Rhodophyta) |
-Agar - capsules for drugs; dental impressions; cosmetics; culture medium; electrophoresis; food prep. -Carrageenin - an emulsifying agent used in the production of chocolate and cosmetics -The reddish-black wrappings around sushi rolls consist of processed Porphyra blades |
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Stramenopiles: Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) |
Macrocystis is the source of algin, a thickener for foods such as ice cream, sherbet, and cream cheese |
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Homologous Structures |
Anatomically similar because they are inherited from a common ancestor, but may or may not be functionally similar |
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Analogous Structures |
Serve the same function, are not constructed similarly, and do not share a common ancestor |
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Vestigial Structures |
Fully-developed anatomical structures in one group of organisms but reduced or obsolete function in similar groups |
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Human Nervous System |
The central nervous system (CNS) brain and spinal cord The peripheral nervous system (PNS)All nerves and ganglia that lie outside the CPS Somatic nervous system-Sensory and motor functions that control skeletal muscle Autonomic nervous system- Controls smooth muscle, cardiac, muscle, and glands |
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Nervous Tissue |
Neurons (nerve cells) -Cell body contains nucleus and organelles -Dendrites receive signals from sensory receptors or other neurons -Axon conducts nerve impulses to another neuron or to other cells |
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Types of Neurons |
-Motor (efferent) neuronsAccept nerve impulses from the CNSTransmit them to muscles or glands -Sensory (afferent) neurons Accept impulses from sensory receptorsTransmit them to the CNS -InterneuronsConvey nerve impulses between various parts of the CNS |
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Meninges |
3 protective membranes filled with cerebrospinal fluid that wrap around the spinal cord and brain |
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Mechanoreceptors |
maintains balance of the equilibrium; located in the ear
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Chemoreceptors |
responsible for smell and taste
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Sense of Taste |
3,000 taste buds Five primary tastes: Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami |
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Olfactory Cells |
10-20 million cells -taste and smell |
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Human Eye |
Sclera- corena Choroid- blood vessels, iris regulates pupils Retina- rod & cone cells = photoreceptors |
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Anatomy of Ear |
Ossicles (three small bones) are between the tympanic membrane and the oval and round windows: malleus [hammer]; incus [anvil]; stapes [stirrup] Middle ear begins at tympanic membrane (ear drum) Cochlea (hearing) resembles the shell of a snail |
