Biology Concepts And Connections

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Prokaryotic

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-No membrane (bound nucleus)
-DNA in cytoplasm
-Cytoplasm includes ribosomes

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Eukaryotic

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-Nucleus surrounded by its membrane
-Internal organelles bounded by membranes
-Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals

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Cell membrane

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-Phospholipid bilayer
-Protein Icebergs
(phospholipid= glycerol + 2 fatty acids)

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Functions of Membrane Proteins

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-enzymes
-cell signalling
-cell-cell recognition
-transport

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Nucleus

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-controls all cell activity. membrane connected to ER.
-Holds Chromatin. large knot called Nucleolus manufactures ribosomes.

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Smooth ER

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Synthesis of lipids
Processes toxins in liver
Stores Calcium ions in muscle cells

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Rough ER

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-Makes membrane and Proteins
-Modifies and Packages Proteins to transport and secrete by cell.

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Golgi Apparatus

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-finishes sorts, and ships cell products
from rough ER

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Lysosomes

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-sacks formed from Golgi
- Digest
-Destroy bacteria ingested in White Blood cell
- Recycle dead organelles

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Vacuoles

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-Plant Cells lysosomal & storage
-Some protists have contractile vacuoles (pump water out of cell)

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Mitochondria

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- carry out cellular respiration
-has 2 membrane compartments and converts chemical energy to ATP

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Chloroplasts

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convert solar to chemical energy

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Ribosomes

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(not organelle)
make protein

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Endomembrane System

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Nucleus, ER's, and Golgi

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Parts of mitochondria

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-matrix
-cristae
- Inner/Outer Membrane
- intermembrane Space

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Parts of Chloroplast

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-stroma
-Inner/outer membrane
-granum
-intermembrane space

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Cell Theory

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all living things are composed of cells, and cells are the basic structure and functions. All cells come from pre-existing cells

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cell Wall

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protects the cell and helps maintain its shape

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cellular metabolism

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the chemical activities of cells

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central vacuole

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membrane-enclosed sace taking up most room in mature plant cell. Roles in reproduction, growth, and developement.

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Cholorplast

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makes sugars from C02 and water by sunlight

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Chromatin

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complex of DNA and proteins. Term used when every extended and cell is not dividing

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Chromosome

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threadlike most visible during mitosis and meiosis, consists of chromatin and DNA, and protein.

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Cytoplasm

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everything inside a cell. Semi-fluid medium and organelles

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Cytoskeleton

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network of protein like fibers in eukaryotic cells

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Endosymbiosis

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mito and chloroplast probably evolved from prokaryotic cell inside larger cell

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mitochondrial matrix

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fluid inside mitochondria

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Nuclear Envelope

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double membrane with pores that encloses nucleus and seperates it from the rest of the euk cell.

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Nucleoid

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a dense region of DNA in prokaryotic cells

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Nucleolus

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a structure within the nucleus of a euk cell where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits

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Peroxisome

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an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen

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Plasma Membrane

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sets cell off from ts surroundings, selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell

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Plasmodesma

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an open channel in a plant cell wall through which strands of cytoplasm connect from adjacent cells

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cell membrane (fluid mosiac model)

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-proteins and other molecules are embedded in a framework of phospholipids.
- molecules in membrane can move laterally

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Passage of material without energy

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diffusion: passive transport

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Osmosis and maintenance of a cell

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Isotonic: normal
Hypotonic: Busts
Hyper Tonic: Shrivels

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How do transport proteins work without energy

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help diffuse down a concentration gradient.
Provide a pore for passage, change shape, and then release

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Energy Requiring Transport Proteins

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1) Solute Binding
2) Phosphorylation
3) Transport
4) Protein Reversion

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Exocytosis
Endocytosis

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fuse to cell membrane and expel.
membrane fold inward and enclose material from the outside

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Exergonic Reaction

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chemical reaction that releases energy