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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taxonomic Order
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Domain
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
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Pro: No membrane bound nucleus, just a singular long chromosome. Only organelle is a ribosome.
Euk: Membrane bound nucleus containing many chromosomes. Many organelles. Larger in size. |
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Type of evidence used to discover a species phylogeny
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Fossil Record: Documented evolutionary change.Homologous Traits: Reveal common ancestry and divergent evolution.
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Clade
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A group of organisms that are closely related.
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Shared Ancestral Characteristic
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Originated in the common ancestor of a clade and is found in all members. Ex. Birds have beaks. Their common ancestor probably had a beak.
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Shared Derived Character
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Unique to a particular clade and did not appear in the common ancestor.
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Outgroup
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Species from a lineage known to have diverged before the species of interest. Basically it's the first one on the tree.
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Ingroup
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Group of Species whose evolutionary relationships are being determined. No capicho fancy talk hehehehe. Basically it's everything except the outgroup.
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Why DNA is valuable as evidence because...
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Can provide a timeline of evolution, provides evidence of similarity between organisms that no longer share homologous traits, useful when there are no fossil records.
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Basic info on viruses
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Made of a nucleic acid core of either RNA or DNA, they are parasites, they are not cells, and are not considered alive.
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Glycoprotein spike
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Attach the virus to other cells so it can take control of them.
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Why aren't viruses alive?
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They aren't cells, they can't reproduce by them selves, and do not have any kind of metabolism.
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Virus Reproduction: ATP, Ribosomes and tRNA
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Enzymes: Speed up reactions.
ATP: Energy molecule Ribosomes: Synthesize proteinst RNA: Transfer RNA. Moves amino acids to ribosomes. |
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Virus Reproduction: Cycle
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Entry: The virus enters the cell.
Uncoating: The virus loses its protein coat.RNA Synthesis: The RNA is used to either synthesis new RNA, or protien synthesis to create new viral protien. Assembly: The parts just produced are assembled into a virus and exit the cell. |
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Bacteriophage
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Viruses that infect bacteria.
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Lytic Cycle
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ONLY BACTERIA
Attachment: Capsid combines with receptor (virus tricks cell into letting it sneak in) Penetration: Viral DNA enters host. Biosynthesis: Viral components are synthesized. Maturation: Assembly of viral components. Release: New viruses leave host cell. |
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Lysogenic Cycle:
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ONLY BACTERIAEverything is same as Lytic until penetration:Penetration: Viral DNA enters host.Integration: Viral DNA passed on when bacteria reproduce. Then it goes on as normal. Basically the virus has just spread into the host cell's descendants.
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Retrovirus
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Have RNA instead of DNA as nucleic acid.Use the host cell enzyme reverse transcriptase to produce DNA, which then produce new RNA for protein synthesis.
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Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
Prokaryotes: All bacteria, smaller in size, some have cell walls, only organelle is ribosome, don't have a nucleus just loose DNA. Eukaryotes: Plant and animal cells, larger in size, plant cells have cell walls, have many organelles, have a full nucleus, have many chromosomes. |
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Different shapes of prokaryotes: |
Cocci: Small spheres. Bacilli: Oval shape. Spirochete: Long noodle. |
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Variations of Cocci: |
Singular: Coccus Two: Diplococci Five: Streptococci - Bacteria causing strept throat Seven: Staphylococci |
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Variations of Bacilli: |
Singular: Bacillus Mostly occur singularly. Also they are the ecoli in our digestive track.
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Variations of Spirochete: |
Short and Rigid: Spirilla Long and Flexible: Spirochete |
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Cell wall functions as... |
Physical protection and prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment. |
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Simple (Gram Positive) and Complex (Gram Negative) Cell Walls: |
Simple (Gram Positive): Thick layer of peptidoglycon, stain purple in gram test, bacteria or archae. Complex (Gram Negative): Less peptidoglycon, outer layers of lipids bounded to carbohydrates, lipids are toxic, membrane protects from antibiotics and immune system. |
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Capsules on Prokaryotes |
A sticky polysaccharide or protein layers. Allows cells to stick onto a surface or other cells to form a colony. Can protect cells from the immune system. |
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How is genetic variation created using Binary Fission? |
Binary fission happens alot. When cells are reproduced quickly, they have a high chance of mutating. Conjugation - plasmids are spread among bacteria which changes them. |
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Endospore: |
Endospores are produced by cells. They have a tough coat for protection. They dehydrate and become dormant. They can survive extreme heat and cold for centuries. They can absorb H2O and will resume growth when environmental conditions become favourable. |
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Mode of Nutrition: |
Photoautotroph: Sun + CO2 Photoheterotroph: Sun + organic carbon Chemoautotroph: (inorganic) chemicals + CO2 Chemoheterotroph: (organic) chemicals + carbon |
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Different Philes: |
Halophiles: Love salt. Can live in 15-30% saltiness. Are colorful Thermophiles: Heat loving. Can live in H2O over 100 C. Mananogens: Live in or near anaerobic environments and give off methane as waste. Can be harvested to produce energy. |
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Exotoxins and Endotoxins: |
Exo: Proteins secreted by bacteria into their environment. Basically bacteria unloading stuff into your body. Can cause severe vomiting and diarrhea. Endo: Lipid components of outer membrane of gram negative bacteria - released when cell dies or integrated by defensive cells. Can cause fever, rashes, septic shock. |
