Biology Chpt 5

Front 1

Proteins are composed of one or more

Back 1

polypeptide chains

Front 2

One partner is a

Back 2

hydrogen atom

Front 3

activation energy

Back 3

minimum amount of energy required to trigger a chemical reaction (Concept 5.5)

Front 4

catalyst

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agent that speeds up chemical reactions (Concept 5.5)

Front 5

enzyme

Back 5

specialized protein that catalyzes the chemical reactions of a cell

Front 6

substrate:

Back 6

specific reactant acted on by an enzyme (Concept 5.5)

Front 7

active site

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region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits

Front 8

To start a chemical reaction, it is first necessary to

Back 8

weaken chemical bonds in the reactant molecules. This activation process requires that the molecules absorb energy

Front 9

Hotter molecules may collide with enough energy to

Back 9

weaken bonds

Front 10

cooler molecules collide with

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less energy

Front 11

Most enzymes have names that end in

Back 11

ase

Front 12

protein

Back 12

polymer constructed from a set of 20 amino acid monomers (Concept 5.4)

Front 13

amino acid

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monomer that makes up proteins; contains carboxyl and amino functional groups (Concept 5.4)

Front 14

polypeptide

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chain of linked amino acids

Front 15

denaturation

Back 15

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

Front 16

Proteins with less-visible functions include proteins that

Back 16

circulate in the blood and defend the body from harmful microorganisms, and others that act as signals, conveying messages from one cell to another.

Front 17

what are the same in all amino acids

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Three of the central carbon's partners

Front 18

Organic molecule

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carbon-based molecule

Front 19

inorganic molecule

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non-carbon-based molecule

Front 20

hydrocarbon

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organic molecule composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms

Front 21

functional group

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group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules

Front 22

hydrophilic

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attracts water molecules

Front 23

monomer

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small molecular unit that is the building block of a larger molecule

Front 24

polymer

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long chain of small molecular units (monomers)

Front 25

Life's large molecules are classified into four main categories

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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Front 26

dehydration reaction

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Each time a monomer is added to a chain, a water molecule is released

Front 27

hydrolysis reaction

Back 27

Cells break bonds between monomers by adding water to them, the reverse of dehydration

Front 28

what is removed to make a polymer

Back 28

water

Front 29

what is added to break a polymer

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water

Front 30

carbohydrate

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organic compound made of sugar molecules

Front 31

monosaccharide

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sugar containing one sugar unit

Front 32

disaccharide

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sugar containing two monosaccharides

Front 33

polysaccharide

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long polymer chain made up of simple sugar monomers

Front 34

starch

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polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers

Front 35

glycogen

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polysaccharide in animal cells that consists of many glucose monomers

Front 36

cellulose:

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polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls

Front 37

sugar contains what element

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carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen.

Front 38

what are examples of monosaccharides

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Glucose, fructose, and galactose

Front 39

The most common disaccharide is

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sucrose

Front 40

sucrose can be broken down into

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glucose and fructose

Front 41

Animal cells do not contain

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starch

Front 42

When the body needs energy, it breaks down these glycogen granules, releasing

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glucose

Front 43

Almost all carbohydrates are

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hydrophilic

Front 44

monosaccharides and disaccharides dissolve readily in water, forming

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sugary solutions

Front 45

at room temp saturated fat is

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solid

Front 46

At room temp unsaturated fats are

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liquid

Front 47

functions of steriods

Back 47

Some steroids circulate in your body as chemical signals. The steroids estrogen, a female sex hormone, and testosterone, a male sex hormone, function in this way (Figure 5-10).