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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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microbes
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the most abundant organisms on earth - don't have skeletal, respiratory, circulatory, digestive, or nervous systems because they are too small to need them (can live anywhere, eat almost anything, are genetically diverse, abundant)
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bacteria - cell functions
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growth, highly diverse capabilities for obtaining E and C and N; motility; attachment; gene transfer - incl. "horizontal" transfer between species; invasiveness; diverse morphologies
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bacterial environmental functions
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symbioses (mutalistic, commensal, antagonistic); "fixation" of C and of N (gaseous compounds into larger compounds); production of O2; aerobic and anerobic growth at any location; degradation of biological components of other organisms; chemotaxis (positive and negative); detection and response to environmental cues; detection of same vs. foreign species "Quorum Sensing"
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Microbial Importance
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all higher plants and animals require the presence and functioning of microbes in the biosphere; primarily "food" is derived from microbes and photosynthetic organisms;
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symbiosis
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usually limited to mutualism and to commensalism consider 2 component interactions (mutualism A=+B=+ (both benefit) (syntrophy A=+B=+ (both benefit)
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-neutralism
-commensalism -parasitism -amensalism -competition |
-A=o B = o (co exist but neither benefits)
- A= +B = -o (A benefits but B neither benefits nor is harmed) - A= +B = - (A benefits, but B is harmed) - A= - B = o (A harmed, B no effect) (difficult interaction to prove) (affected species has no influence + or - on first; possible interpretation is one form of competition) - A= - B = - (A harmed, B harmed) |
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microbial feature and adaptations
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archaea and bacteria - fundamentally different in terms of metabolism, location, tolerances, molecular structures
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adaptations
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metabolism - VanNiel Postulates - require C, N, P, S and energy; energy from any chemical reaction which releases electrons; organisms not steam engines;
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habitat adaptations
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specialized environments; biosphere - soil, water, organisms (all organisms have some defense)
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nutrition adaptations
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become food themselves; make enzymes and products that aid decomposition and degradation; source of "fixed" nitrogen (for amino acids and nucleic acids)
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other adaptations
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recycling from decomposition to new cells; environmental recycling and sequestration; aerobic vs anaerobic locations for growth (by different types of microbes); mobility - by means of flagella; reproduction - by binary division; disease - pathogenicity- specialized case for decomposition
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virus
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not alive, but it can carry out some of the same functions as living organisms, provided that i can get inside a cell; virus takes over the protein-making machinery of the host cell to produce more viral genetic material (RNA/DNA); viral proteins and genetic material are assembled into new virus particles and released from the cells
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HIV infection
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difficult to control; mutations change the properties of the virus so that it is hard fro the immune system to recognize it; and they produce variants that are resistant to the drugs used to treat the HIV infection
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