Biology Chp. 47 Animal Development

Front 1

1. Genome

2. Differences

Back 1

An organism's development is determined by __1__ of zygote and by __2__ that arise between early embryonic cells

Front 2

Cell differentiation

Back 2

–specializationof cells in their structure and function

Front 3

Morphogenesis

Back 3

–Isthe process by which an animal takes shape

Front 4

Acrosome

Back 4

Fusesvesicle to surface of egg to release enzymes into jelly coat by exocytosis

Front 5

Jelly Coat

Vitelline Layer

Perivitelline Space

Plasma Membrane

Back 5

- 4 Layers of Sea Urchin Egg

Front 6

Acrosomal Processes

Back 6

- Short flagella looking extensions that target plasma membrane receptors

- Protrudes from sperm head and penetrates jelly coat

- If right "key" meets "lock," then egg pulls ini sperm

Front 7

Fast Block to Polyspermy

Back 7

- Membrane becomes depolarized from fusion of the gamete plasma membranes, going from negative to neutral

- Sperm cells are no longer attracted because slightly positive

Front 8

Cortical Reaction

Slow block to Polyspermy

Back 8

- Fusion of the gamete membranes triggers increase of Ca in the egg's cytosol, causing ____ granules in the egg to fuse with plasma membrane and discharge their contents

- Leads to swelling of perivitelline space, hardening of vitelline layer, and clipping of sperm-binding receptors

AKA?

Front 9

Zona Pellucida

Back 9

- Analagous to the jelly coat AND vitelline layer of sea urchin

- More proteinaceous

Front 10

- Jelly coat

- Vitelline Layer

- Perivitelline space

- Acrosomal process

- Fast block to polyspermy

Back 10

5 Things that Sea Urchin Development has that Mammal Development doesn't

Front 11

1. Anterior

2. Dorsal

3. Ventral

4. Posterior

Back 11

Animal pole becomes __1__ end when it tills toward point of sperm entry and exposes gray crescent which becomes __2__ side. The point of sperm becomes the __3__ side and the vegetal pole will become the __4__ end.

Front 12

1. Holo

2. Animal

3. Vegetal

4. Yolk

Back 12

In a frog embroyo which is __1__blastic, the 4-cell stage division flips and goes around the __2__ pole. The __3__ pole is rarely going to become any part of the body and form but a few cells. The __4__ is a huge mass cut up and divided but never cut off. The fluid filled cavity __5__ forms in the __2__ hemisphere.

Front 13

1. Mero

2. Yolk

3. Cytoplasm

4. Animal

5. Blastoderm

6. Epiblast

7. Hypoblast

8. Blastocoel

Back 13

Cleavage in a chick embryo is __1__blastic. Most of the cell's volume is __2__, with a small disk of __3__ located at the __4__ pole. Early cell divisions are incomplete, the cleavage furrow does not extend through the yolk. The divisions produce the __5__, a mass of cells on top of the yolk mass. They are arranged in two layers, the __6__ and __7__ which enclose the fluid filled cavity, the __8__.

Front 14

1. Epiblast

2. Primitive Streak

3. Hypoblast

Back 14

Endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm (the chick embryo) are all made from the __1__. The pileup of cells moving inward at the blastoderm's midline produces a thickening called the __2__. The __3__ cells later segregate from the endoderm and eventually form part of the sac that surround yolk and the stalk that connects yolk mass to embyro.

Front 15

Gastrulation

Back 15

- Set of cells at or near the surface of the blastula move to an interior location, cell layers are established, and a primite digestive tube is formed

Front 16

Ectoderm

Back 16

- Form nervous and sensory systems, pituitary gland, adrenal medulla, jaws and teeth, germ cells

- Epidermis of skin and its derivatives (sweat glands, hair follicles)

Front 17

Mesoderm

Back 17

- Skeletal and muscular systems, circulatory and lymphatic systems, excretory and reproductive systems, dermis of skin, adrenal cortex

- Dorsal notochord

Front 18

Endoderm

Back 18

- Epithelial lining of digestive tract and associated organs, respiratory, excretory and reproductive tracts an ducts

- Thymus, thyroid and parathyroid glands

Front 19

Neureulation

Back 19

- Begins as cells from dorsal mesoderm form notochord to form brain and spinal cord in vertebrates

Front 20

1. Neural plate

2. Neural tube

Back 20

The notochord has developed from dorsal mesoderm, and the dorsal ectoderm has thickened to form the __1__. Once it is formed, its structure curves inward to roll itself into the __2__, which runs along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo. This will become the brain in the head and spinal cord along rest of the body.

Front 21

1. Archenteron

2. Somites

Back 21

The __1__ forms when lateral folds pinch embryo away from the yolk. Second set of migratory cells is formed when groups of cells located in strips of mesoderm lateral to notochord separate into blocks called __2__. These cells play significant role in organizing segmented structures of the vertebrate body.

Front 22

Amnion

Back 22

- Secondary layer that protects embryo in fluid filled cavity that prevents dehydration and cushions mechanical shock

Front 23

Allantois

Back 23

- Functions as disposal sac for certain metabolic wastes produced by the embryo

- Also functions with the chorion as a respiratory organ

Front 24

Chorion

Back 24

- First layer that exchanges gases between the embryo and the surrounding air
- O2 and CO2 diffuse freely across egg's shell in birds/reptiles

Front 25

Yolk sac

Back 25

- Stockpile of nutrients stored in the egg

- Blood vessels in its membrane transport nutrients from itself into the embryo

- In birds/reptiles, other nutrients are stored in albumen "egg white"

Front 26

1. Oogenesis

2. Fertilization

Back 26

Axes of the basic body plan for nonamniotic vertebrates are established during __1__ or __2__, very early. In amniotes, local environmental differences play major role in establishing initial differences between cells and later body axes.

Front 27

Potency

Back 27

- Developmental potential of a cell

Front 28

Unipotent

Back 28

- Cells that can produce only one cell type but have property of self-renewal

Front 29

Multipotent

Back 29

- Cells that can produce only cells of a closely related family of cells

- Population of cells constantly needed

Ex: Hematopoietic stem cells

Front 30

Pluripotent

Back 30

- Cells that can differentiate into cells derived from any of the three germ layers
- Embryonic stem cells

Front 31

Totipotent

Back 31

Cells that can differentiate into embronic and extraembryonic cell types

Front 32

1. Restricted
2. Toti
3. Blastocyst
4. Trophoectoderm
5. Inner cell mass
6. Pluri

Back 32

During development, cell fates are progressively __1__. Up to the 8 cell stage in mammals, each cell has potential to form complete organism, being __2__potent. Once embryo reaches __3__ stage, the 3 structures differentiate. The blastocoel is the fluid filled cavity. The __4__ will give rise to extra-embyronic tissues. The __5__ will give rise to all tissues of embryo proper, and are __6__potent.