Biology Chp. 26 Phylogeny And The Tree Of Life

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Dizzy Kangaroos Punch Children on Family Game Shows

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Taxonomic Groups from Broad to Narrow (8)

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Cladistics

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- Provided infinite levels unlike taxonomy to classify organisms

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Phylogeny

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Evolutionary history of a species or a group of relates species

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Systematics

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- Classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships using fossil, molecular, and genetic data

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Root Tree

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- Includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

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Basal Taxon "OUTGROUP"

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- Diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group

- Not necessarily less evolved or more ancestral

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Polytomy

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- Branch from which more than two groups emerge-

- Unresolved pattern of divergence

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1. Sister Taxa

2. Polytomy

3. "Outgroup"

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A. Show patterns of descent

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What can be learned from phylogenetic trees?

A. Show patterns of descent

B. Show phenotypic similarity

C. Indicate when species evolved

D. Show how much change occurred in a lineage after the branch point

E. Allows assumption that taxon evolved from taxon next to it

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Morphological

Molecular

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2 Types of Data used to infer phylogenies

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Homologies

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Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared similarity

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Analogies/Homoplasies

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- Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolve independently

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Homoplasy

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- Analogy in a gene

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Cladistics

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- groups organisms by common descent

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Clade

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Group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants-

- Evolutionary history that implies what you look like Ex: Tetrapods

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Monophyletic

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-Taxon is equivalent to a clade only if it consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants

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Paraphyletic

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- Consists of ancestral species, and some, but not all, of its descendants

- Leaves out descendant that should be included

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Polyphyletic

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- Includes distantly related species but does not include most recent common ancestor

- Includes descendant that doesn't belong

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Ancestral Character

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- characters shared by the outgroup and ingroup that predate the divergence of both groups

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Derived character

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evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade (defines a branch point)

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Maximum Parsimony

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Assumes that the tree requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely

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Grade

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- What you look like

- Group whose members share key biological features

Ex: Coelomates and Pseudocoelomates

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Phylogenetic bracketing

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- Allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendants

Ex: Infer characteristics of dinosaurs from birds and crocodiles

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Gene Duplication

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- Provides more opportunities for evolutionary change

- Can result in gene families

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Orthologous Genes

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- Genes found in a single copy of the genome and are homologous between species

- Only diverge after speciation

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Paralogous Genes

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- Genes resulting from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy in the genome
- Can diverge within the clade that carries them and often evolve new functions
Ex: Humans and mice

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2. Versatility of the gene

3. Complex control of genes

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Complexity of an organism is linked to the

1. Gene number

2. Versatility of the gene

3. Complex control of genes

Select all that apply.