Biology Chapters 21-27

Front 1

The Mars Exploration Rovers were equipped with independent “legs” and wheels to give it ______________ and _______________.

Back 1

Stability, flexibility

Front 2

Instead of a hard shell, arthropods invented an __________________ to wear outside their body.

Back 2

Exoskeleton

Front 3

The exoskeleton is the most successful innovation that came from the ______________ explosion.

Back 3

Cambrian

Front 4

_____________________ were likely to be the fist animals to venture onto land.

Back 4

Horseshoe Crabs

Front 5

Over ____________ percent of known animal species are insects.

Back 5

90

Front 6

Flowering plants are classified as _____________________.

Back 6

Angiosperms

Front 7

Flowers house both _______________ and ________________ reproductive organs.

Back 7

Male, female

Front 8

Flowers have evolved to use ____________________ as couriers for their pollen.

Back 8

Animals

Front 9

Flowers that can be pollinated by a wide variety of insects are ________________.

Back 9

Generalists

Front 10

The dead horse arum attracts pollinators by smelling of ___________________.

Back 10

Rotten Flesh

Front 11

____________________ is the mutual evolutionary influence between 2 species that become dependent on each other.

Back 11

Co-evolution

Front 12

Plants produce _______________ to function as a reward for visiting insects.

Back 12

Nectar

Front 13

Current data suggest that 2 in 3 Americans is either __________ or ____________.

Back 13

Obese, overweight

Front 14

The BMI represents ___________ __________ ____________.

Back 14

Body Mass Index

Front 15

The BMI evaluates your ___________ in relation to your _________.

Back 15

weight, height

Front 16

If your BMI is greater than 30 you would be considered _____________.

Back 16

obese

Front 17

If your BMI is between _______ & ________you would be considered overweight.

Back 17

25, 29

Front 18

A calorie is the amount of released heat to raise 1 kg of water by _________.

Back 18

1*C

Front 19

If you eat an extra 40-50 calories a day, you would be estimated to gain _____ pound(s) every year.

Back 19

one

Front 20

The equation for photosynthesis begins with carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water, to form, glucose, ___________, and water.

Back 20

oxygen

Front 21

In plants, the green pigment that traps solar energy is known as __________.

Back 21

Chlorophyll

Front 22

The source of hydrogen needed for photosynthesis comes from___________

Back 22

water

Front 23

Obesity can result in a number of diseases such as heart disease, ___________, high cholesterol, osteoarthritis ___________ and ___________

Back 23

diabetes, stroke, cancer

Front 24

The splitting of uranium atoms, as used in the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, is referred to as nuclear _____________.

Back 24

fission

Front 25

The process of fusing hydrogen atoms to form helium, which releases huge amounts of energy, is known as __________.

Back 25

Nuclear fusion

Front 26

In ____________, ATP production is very low and there is a buildup of lactic acid as a byproduct.

Back 26

anaerobic respiration

Front 27

In aerobic respiration ________ is broken down in to water and _________.

Back 27

glucose, CO2

Front 28

__________ is required for aerobic respiration.

Back 28

oxygen

Front 29

In anaerobic respiration glucose is broken down into __________ _________

Back 29

lactic acid

Front 30

In the Nazi gas chambers, __________ was used to cause death as this gas which blocks the enzyme that transfers hydrogen to oxygen.

Back 30

hydrogen cyanide

Front 31

Hydrogen cyanide inhibits ________ _________ by blocking the enzyme that transfers hydrogen to oxygen.

Back 31

aerobic respiration

Front 32

When you eat food, your body utilizes the __________ within it to make carbon dioxide and water.

Back 32

glucose

Front 33

In physical exercise ________ provides the chemical energy to power muscle contractions

Back 33

ATP

Front 34

Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions but remain __________ themselves.

Back 34

unchanged

Front 35

_________ are proteins that facilitate biochemical reactions.

Back 35

enzymes

Front 36

Your body is only a temporary home for hydrogen, oxygen, and _________ atoms

Back 36

carbon

Front 37

The French scientist, Antoine Laviosier, developed the Law of ________________to describe the fact that matter cannot be created nor destroyed.

Back 37

conservation

Front 38

Elevation of the body core temperature to a dangerous and often fatal level is known as __________.

Back 38

hyperthermia

Front 39

The seasons on Earth are a result of the ______ of the axis.

Back 39

tilt

Front 40

The _______ is the portion of the Earth measured from the iron core, to the mantle.

Back 40

lithosphere

Front 41

Even though Venus is twice as far from the sun than Mercury, its surface temperature __________ than Mercury and is mostly likely the result of ____________ trapped in its atmosphere.

Back 41

higher, CO2

Front 42

The thin layer of air that has been captures and is maintained by Earth’s gravity is known as the __________.

Back 42

atmosphere

Front 43

The Earth’s ________ contains all of the water on the planet, of which the vast majority is in the form of _________.

Back 43

hydrosphere, salt water

Front 44

The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere on Earth is maintained by the __________, which absorbs it through photosynthesis but produces it as a result of respiration.

Back 44

biosphere

Front 45

The _______ greenhouse effect is most associated with human actions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and which may be causing changes in Earth’s climate.

Back 45

anthropogenic

Front 46

Earth’s seasons are due to the _________° tilt of it’s axis in relation to the sun.

Back 46

23.5

Front 47

The ________ extends from the crust to the upper most layer of the mantle.

Back 47

lithosphere

Front 48

The hydrosphere consists of all the _________ found on Earth.w

Back 48

water

Front 49

The ocean accounts for ____________ of Earth’s water

Back 49

97.25

Front 50

The atmosphere of Earth consists of ____________ nitrogen and 21% _________.

Back 50

78%, oxygen

Front 51

The ______ hypothesis states that the extinction of the dinosaurs was facilitated by a large _______ hitting Earth.

Back 51

alvarex, asteroid

Front 52

A very accurate way to date living and non-living material using the predicted decay of certain elements is called __________.

Back 52

radiometric dating

Front 53

The element _________ is often used for dating very old objects like the Earth, because it has a half-life of over 4.5 billion years.

Back 53

uranium

Front 54

The _______ is a part of Earth’s history when the planet was constantly bombarded with meteors and the surface was liquid rock.

Back 54

magma ocean

Front 55

The ______ catastrophe occurred when the heavy elements sunk to the core of early Earth.

Back 55

iron

Front 56

The magnetic field of Earth protects us against the ________ which is radiation given off by our sun.

Back 56

solar wind

Front 57

The collision between Earth and a Mar’s sized planetoid created our ______.

Back 57

moon

Front 58

Two sources of the water on our planet are likely from ________ and ________.

Back 58

volcanos, comets

Front 59

Early life on Earth is hypothesized to be similar to life surrounding _________ in the deep oceans, where energy from hydrogen sulfide is used.

Back 59

hydrothermal vents

Front 60

The amount of oxygen in our current atmosphere is a result of billions of years of photosynthesis by ___________.

Back 60

cynanobacteria

Front 61

Evidence suggests that Earth and the ___________ ___________ were formed at the same time.

Back 61

Solar System

Front 62

In radiometric dating scientists determine the amount of time required for _____ of the radioactive element to be converted into product.

Back 62

1/2

Front 63

___________ has a ½ life of 5703 years, which makes it suitable to date ________ samples.

Back 63

Carbon14, young

Front 64

Earth’s liquid iron core flows and rotates gave rise to the ___________ _________, which protects us from solar winds.

Back 64

magnetic field

Front 65

The first life on Earth lived in a very hostile environment, where bacteria survived only deep below the surface by extracting chemical energy from ______________ ____________

Back 65

hydrogen sulfide

Front 66

The cooling of Earth’s crust occurred ____________ in earth’s formation.

Back 66

early

Front 67

The atmosphere on Earth reached _________ oxygen about 560million years ago

Back 67

21%

Front 68

The technique called _____ fertilization has been used for about 30 years to assist couples who have had difficult conceiving a child on their own.

Back 68

in vitro

Front 69

In vitro fertilization is when the ________ is fertilized outside of the ___________.

Back 69

egg, universe

Front 70

The _______ experiment was conducted by a graduate student in 1953 who demonstrated that the early Earth could have produced compounds, like amino acids, necessary for life.

Back 70

Miller

Front 71

The collision of _______ with Earth has been shown to cause the formation of peptides, the chemicals which make up proteins.

Back 71

comets

Front 72

Three basic characteristics of life include the abilities to ______, ______, and _______.

Back 72

use energy, reproduce, evolve

Front 73

The formation of _______ , which surround all cells and act as a container for life, has been accomplished by scientists interested in the formation of early life on Earth.

Back 73

membranes

Front 74

Once all elements in the center of a star have been utilized for energy, the star reaches the ______ barrier.

Back 74

iron

Front 75

In order for heavy elements to be produced, a star must ______, which generates tremendous heat allowing for the formation of many of the elements found I the universe.

Back 75

explode

Front 76

A ________ can be made by stringing together the correct sequence of nucleotides together.

Back 76

gene

Front 77

The 3 requirements of life include energy for growth and change, to___________, & to___________

Back 77

reproduce, evolve

Front 78

Stars are formed by the fusion of 3 ________ nuclei to produce carbon.

Back 78

helium

Front 79

A star explosion, know as a ____________ __________, occurs when ________ cannot be fused further.

Back 79

super nova, iron

Front 80

All of the hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, and iron in our body come from _________ _________ that was released by stars upon their death.

Back 80

star dust

Front 81

Living organisms are composed of 49%___________, 24%__________, and 24% oxygen.

Back 81

hydrogen, carbon

Front 82

The theory that life arose on Earth from organic building blocks that were present in the water on Earth’s surface is known as the __________ hypothesis.

Back 82

abiogenesis

Front 83

In her experiments, Jennifer Black demonstrated that the intense heat and pressures meteorites experience during entry into earth’s atmosphere actually causes amino acids in a meteorite to form __________

Back 83

polypeptides

Front 84

Energy powers life through the inter-conversion of water and carbon dioxide to form __________.

Back 84

carbohydrates

Front 85

The inhospitable caves known as Caeva De Willa Luiz in Mexico are home to bacteria which form large colonies that drip from the ceilings. These colonies are called _________.

Back 85

snotitties

Front 86

Lake Vostok is a large body of water which is located about 4,000 m below the ___________ ice sheets and contains abundant life which can tolerate the extreme cold.

Back 86

antartic

Front 87

Bacteria live 3.5 km underground within the Earth’s crust and gain their energy from _______ gas

Back 87

methane

Front 88

______, a moon of Jupiter, is hypothesized to have a liquid ocean capable of supporting life under its thick ice caps.

Back 88

europa

Front 89

SETI was the first scientific organization to look for evidence of ______________

Back 89

extraterrestrial intelligence

Front 90

The equation formulated in the 1960’s to estimate the possible number of intelligent civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy is called the _______ equation.

Back 90

drake

Front 91

Although it is currently impossible to see distant planets around other stars using telescopes, we can detect them because the planets exert a gravitational pull on the stars that they orbit. This pull causes the star to _________.

Back 91

wobble

Front 92

________ telescopes were the first type of telescopes employed to look for the signals of communication from distant civilizations.

Back 92

Radio

Front 93

One argument for the presence of intelligent life elsewhere in our galaxy assumes that because _________ evolved, the conditions of the universe must be suitable for intelligent life to evolve elsewhere.

Back 93

humans