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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the sequence of the smallest to the largest parts of the body (5 parts)
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1. atoms
2. molecules (actin) 3. organelle 4. cell and tissue 5. organs |
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to understand how biology functions, you must...
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have a little backgroud of chemistry
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all life is composed of...
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matter
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what is matter?
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anything that has mass and takes up space
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what is a chemical element?
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a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances (by chemical means)
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what is a compound?
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chemical elements combined in fixed ratios
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each element consists of one kind of what?
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atom, which are diffrent from other types of elements
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an atom consists of what?
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-protons
-neutrons -electrons |
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where are protons and neutrons located?
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in the nucleus
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where are electrons found?
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in the electron cloud
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protons have what type of charge?
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positive
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what is a proton's mass?
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1 AMU
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what does AMU stand for?
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atomic mass unit
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what charge do neutrons have?
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neutral (no charge)
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what is a neutron's mass?
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1 AMU
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what is a electron's mass?
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close to zero
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what charge do electrons have?
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negative
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atoms of the same element have the same number of what?
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protons
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what is the atomic number?
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amount of protons in an atom of an element
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what is the atomic mass?
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how many protons and neutrons are in a specific atom
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what are isotopes?
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variant forms of an element
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if an isotope is unstable, then...
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they are radioactive and may release energy or particles
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how are radioactive isotopes used?
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by biologists as "markers" in research, used to study fate of elements in living systems an in medical procedures
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if organisms get too much radioactivity, then...
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abnormal chemistry of the cell (cancer)
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electron arrangment...
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determines chemical properties of an atom
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atoms react to form molecules, which...
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form based on arrangement of electrons
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what are shells? what are the diffrerent levels of electron capacity?
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-levels of electron capacity
- (2,8,8) |
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what are ionic bonds?
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where there are 2 ions of opposite charge that are attracted to one another
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what is an ion?
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-a charged atom
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what are cations?
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positive ions (more protons then electrons)
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what are anions?
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negative ions (more electrons than protons)
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what are covalent bonds?
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the sharing of electrons, join atoms into molecules
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atoms held together by covalent bonds form...
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molecules
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what is a polar substance?
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where electrons are shared unequally
EX: Water |
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what is a nonpolar molecule?
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have electrons that balance their charges through equal sharing
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what is hydrogen bonding?
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where there is a attraction between positive and negative charges of water molecule
EX: water's polarity |
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hydrogen bonding occurs in...
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biologically important compounds
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hydrogen bonding makes water cohesive. What does cohesive mean there?
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where water molecules stick to one another
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what does hydrogen bonding have to do with temperature?
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-breaking hydrogen bonds causes the temperature to rise more slowly when heated then the temperature of nonpolar liquids (causes less vaporization and temperatures to lower more slowly)
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what is a solution?
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a mixture of a liquid solvent and one or more solutes
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what are anions?
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negative ions (more electrons than protons)
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what are covalent bonds?
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the sharing of electrons, join atoms into molecules
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atoms held together by covalent bonds form...
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molecules
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what is a polar substance?
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where electrons are shared unequally
EX: Water |
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what is a nonpolar molecule?
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have electrons that balance their charges through equal sharing
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what is a solute?
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a liquid or solid that gets dissolved in a solvent
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what is a solvent?
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the agent that dissolves a solute
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what does ph mean?
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potential hydrogen
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what is an acid?
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a compoud that releases H+ ions in a solution
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what is a base?
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a solution that accepts H+ ions
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what are buffers?
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substances that resist changes in pH by accepting H+ when depleted
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what is acid rain?
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when air pollutants from fuels react with water in atmosphere and cause acid compounds
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what are the chemical reaction steps? (4)
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1. rearrange matter
2. reactants interact 3. atoms rearrange 4. products result |
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what is organic chemistry?
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chemistry involved with carbon
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what is inorganic chemistry?
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chemistry involved with every other element
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carbon usually combines with which 4 elements?
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1. carbon
2. oxygen 3. hydrogen 4. nitrogen |
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what are double bonds?
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when four electrons are shared
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what is an isomer?
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molecules with the same number of atoms but with different arrangements
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what are hydrocarbons?
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compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen
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what are the functional groups?
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groups of atoms that participate in chemical reactions
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what is hydroxyl? what are its symbols? what is it found in?
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- symbols: -OH
- found in alcohols, sugars, and water soluble vitamins |
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what is aldehyde? what are its symbols? what is it found in?
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- symbols: -COH
- found in sugars |
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what is carbonyl? what are its symbols? what is it found in?
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- ketones
- double bonded to O2-CO - found in some sugars |
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what is carboxyl? what are its symbols? what is it found in?
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- symbols: -COOH
- acts as an amino acid - found in amino acids, some vitamins, and fatty acids |
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what is amino? what are its symbols? what is it found in?
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- symbols: -NH2
- found in amino acids |
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what is a monomer?
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the fundamental unit of a molecule (smallest)
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what are polymers?
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- large units of monomers
- make up macromolecules |
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what is dehydration synthesis?
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molecules synthesized by loss of water molecule between reacting monomers, most common way polymers are formed, get a polymer and water as products
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what is hydrolysis?
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means "breaking apart with water", the most common way organic polymers are broke down, get monomers as products, need water as a reactant
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what are carbohydrates?
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a class of molecules ranging from small sugar molecules to large polysaccharides
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what are monosaccharides? what are the two types of monosaccharides?
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-DEF: the most basic sugar
1. fructose- fruits 2. glucose- plants 3. galactose- animals |
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what are disaccharides? what are 3 examples of them?
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two monosaccharides put together
1. sucrose- table sugar - fructose +glucose 2. maltose- 2 glucose 3. lactose- galactose + glucose |
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what are polysaccharides? what are 3 examples and where are places where they might be?
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- long chains of monosaccharides
1. starch- potatoes 2. glycogen- muscle 3. cellulose- plant cell wall |
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what are lipids?
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energy storage molecules
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what do lipids mostly contain?
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large amounts of carbon and hydrogen (small amounts of oxygen)
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what does hydrophobic mean?
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doesn't like water
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fats are polymers of what?
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fatty acids
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how is glycerol formed?
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by dehydration
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what are saturated fats?
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fats that have no double bonds, this causes them to be flexible and tend to ball up in globules,
EX: animal fats and solid at room temperature |
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what are unsaturated fats?
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fats that do have double bonds; this causes them to be less flexible ant they do not form in globules
EX: Plant fats and oil at room temperature |
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what are the 2 types of unsaturated fats?
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1. polyunsaturated
2: monounsaturated |
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what does polyunsaturated mean?
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includes essential fatty acids
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what does monounsaturated mean?
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cardiovascular benefits
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what are phospholipids?
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important substances for making up cell membranes
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what are waxes?
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for effective hydrophobic coatings to ward off water (made up of fatty acids liked to alcohol)
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what are steroids? what is an example?
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- DEF: lipids that are bent into rings
EX: cholesterol- formed by animals that functions in the digestion of fats and starting materials for the making of the female and the male hormones |
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what are anabolic steroids?
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variants of the male hormone testosterone, which causes the build up of muscles and bone mass during puberty; medical problems to occur
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proteins are made up of...
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amino acids
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how many different types of amino acids are there?
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20
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what are essential proteins?
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proteins the body gets from your diet
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what are nonessential proteins?
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proteins the body makes
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the structure of proteins determines its function, which include...
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- cellular structure (hair, fingernails)
- movement (muscles) - defense (antibodies) - transport (hemoglobin in red blood cells - communication (hormones) - storage ( egg whites-protein) - catalyst (enzymes) |
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what do enzymes do?
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regulate chemical reactions
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what does denaturing mean?
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break down of protein
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each collection of amino acids...
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folds in a different way (how you get proteins depends on the sequence of amino acids)
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changes in what will break down proteins?
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- heat
- pH - salt concentrations |
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amino acids are linked by what?
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peptide bonds
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what are nucleic acids?
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an information-rich polymer of nucleotides
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what are nucleotides?
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monomers of nucleic acids
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what are the four types of nucleotides in DNA?
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- A
- T - C - G - all are different nitrogen bases |
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what are the four types of nucleotides in RNA?
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- A
- U - C - G |
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How are nucleotide monomers joined?
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by dehydration synthesis between the sugar groups
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nitrogen bonding holds together...
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the nitrogen bases
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what shape is DNA?
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double helix
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what shape is RNA
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single strand
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