Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Taxonomy
|
=systematics; field of bio that deals with identifying, naming, and classifying
|
|
Nomenclature
|
giving groups of organisms names
|
|
Classification
|
a way of organizing and retrieving information about species; arrangement of organisms into groups
|
|
Phylogenetic relationships
|
evolutionary relationships that classification systems are based
|
|
CLADISTICS
|
objective method of using evolutionary branching points to determine genealogical/phylogenetic relationships among organisms
|
|
CLADOGRAM
|
=evolutionary tree=phylogeny=hypothesis of evolution
|
|
MONOPHYLETIC GROUP
|
=one that contains a ca and all of its descendents=clade=only groups recognized in classifying organisms.
|
|
WHAT DEFINES LIFE?
|
DNA, ability to reproduce
|
|
SHARED DERIVED CHARACTER
|
cladograms are based on, not shared ancestral characters
|
|
OUTGROUP
|
used to determine ancestral vs. derived characters; organism with the fewest derived traits; any deviation from an outgroup is a derived trait (branching)
|
|
INGROUP
|
a relative of the group under study
|
|
PARSIMONY
|
also used in constructing cladograms (simplest is usually best explanation)
|
|
HOMOPLASY/HOMOPLASIOUS CHARACTERS
|
misleading characters, show reversals or parallelisms
|
|
EVOLUTIONARY PARALLELISMS
|
similar, but evolved different ways; example are wings
|
|
HIERARCHICAL RANK
|
convert cladogram into a set of names; kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
|
|
CARL LINNAEUS
|
concept of 2 part Latin name=binomial=species name; genus + specific epithet, in italics or underlined, capitilized genus
|
|
HETEROTROPHIC
|
organism unable to make its own organic compounds; feeds on others, ie protozoans
|
|
AUTOTROPHIC
|
organism that makes its own food with an environmental energy source and CO2 as its carbon source
|
|
DIPLOMONAD
|
multi-flagella, 2 nuclei, ie Giardia lamblia
|
|
GIARDIASIS
|
caused by Giardia lamblia diplomonad protist; causes intestinal problems
|
|
PARABASALID
|
=trichomonads, multi-flagella, 1 nucleus, protist; ie Trichomonas vaginalis (STD)
|
|
EUGLENOZOA
|
flagellated, single-celled protist, ie euglenoids & kinetoplastids
|
|
EUGLENOIDS
|
autotrophic, contractile vacoule, chloroplasts, ie euglena
|
|
CONTRACTILE VACOULE
|
controls water like a bilge pump
|
|
SECONDARY ENDOSYMBIOSIS OF CHLOROPLASTS
|
chloroplasts of euglenoids and green algae, lives and reproduces inside other's body
|
|
KINETOPLASTIDS
|
heterotrophic, free-living & parasitic, single-large mitochondrion associated with kinetoplast, ie African sleeping sickness & Chagas disease
|
|
KINETOPLAST
|
unique organelle with a large network of DNA
|
|
AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS
|
caused by kinetoplastid, Trypanosoma brucei, vector=tsetse fly, damages CNS
|
|
CHAGAS DISEASE
|
caused by kinetoplastid, T. cruzi, vector=kissing bug, causes cardiac, gastro., or neuro. damage
|
|
AMOEBOID PROTOZOANS
|
heterotrophs (no chloro), lost flagella, pseudopodia
|
|
PSEUDOPODIA
|
"false feet", cytoplasmic extensions of the cell, food capture
|
|
RHIZOPODS
|
"root-like feet" ie amoebas & foramiferans
|
|
AMOEBAS
|
found in soil, fresh & salt water, naked cells
|
|
AMOEBIC DYSENTERY
|
caused by Entamoeba histolytica, contaminates drinking water and food; rhizopods-amoeba
|
|
FORAMINIFERANS
|
sea floor, pseudopodia; rhizopods
|
|
ACTINOPODS
|
"ray feet", radiolarians & heliozoans, silica shell, axopodia
|
|
AXOPODIA
|
used for feeding on actinopods
|
|
SLIME MOLDS
|
not true fungi, similar to amoebas (use pseudopodia), heterotrophic, complex life cycles
|
|
PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS
|
does NOT photosynthesize, plasmodium, moves across substrate, cellulose, dry enviro=sex part of cycle
|
|
PLASMODIUM
|
diploid feeding stage of life cycle=single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei (mitosis without cytokinesis)
|
|
CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS
|
free single cells=feeding stage, cellulose, ie Dictyostelium
|
|
PSEUDOPLASMODIUM
|
food scarce, cells secrete hormone that fuses cells together in slug-like mass; differs from plasmodia bc cells keep identiy
|
|
ALVEOLATES
|
usually single-cell, heterotrophic & autotrophic (secondary symbiosis), alveoli
|
|
ALVEOLI
|
little sacs in outer layer of cell
|
|
CILIATES
|
alveolate, complex single-cell, heterotrophic, cilia, contractile vacoule, 2 types of nuclei: micro & macro, trichocysts, ie Didinium
|
|
CILIA
|
ciliates covered in for movement and feeding
|
|
MICRONUCLEUS
|
of ciliate, mitosis, sexual reproduction
|
|
MACRONUCLEUS
|
of ciliate, jumble of DNA, asexual reproduction
|
|
TRICHOCYSTS
|
harpoon-like structures for feeding
|
|
SPOROZOANS
|
=apicomplexans, alveolates, parasites w/ spore-like infective stage of life cycle, complex life cycyle requiring 2 or more hosts, reduced endosymboint plastid(secondary endosymbiosis), ie Plasmodium & Toxoplasma
|
|
MALARIA
|
Plasmodium, sporozoan, sporozoites transmitted by female mosquito travel to liver, multiply
|
|
TOXOPLASMOSIS
|
Toxoplasma, sporozoan, uses cats as final host, cysts spread from feces to food, cause flu-like symptoms, dangerous to unborn babies
|
|
DINOFLAGELLATES
|
alveolate, mainly autotrophic, free-living, single-celled, provide foundation of marine ecosystems, unusual chromosomes(lack histone proteins), chloroplasts from secondary symbiosis, cellulose plates (2 perpendicular grooves w/ flagells), some bioluminescent
|
|
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
|
individuals of one species live near, in or on individuals of a different species for at least part of life cycle
|
|
ALGAL BLOOM
|
caused by increase in nutrient levels, a few of these dinoflagellate species produce toxins that kill fish; ie Red Tide
|
|
RED TIDE
|
example of an algal bloom caused by dinogflagellate; Pfiesteria piscidia, heterotrophic, 24 stages
|
|
STRAMENOPILES
|
heterotrophic & autotrophic, flagellated stage of life cycle, 2 flagella (one smooth & one "hairy"); ie Yellow-brown "plants" & Oomycetes
|
|
YELLOW-BROWN "PLANTS"
|
Yellow-brown "plants", stramenopile, autotrophic, cellulose walls, includes diatoms, golden algae, coccolithophores=chrysophytes, and brown algae=phaeophytes
|
|
CHRYSOPHYTES
|
=coccolithophores (chrysos=
Greek for golden), Yellow-brown "plant", stramenopiles, single-celled with CACO3 plates |
|
PHAEOPHYTES
|
Brown algae, Yellow-brown "plant," stramenopiles, multi-cell "seaweeds", complex body, cellulose walls, energy storage,
|
|
CHLOROPHYLL A
|
absorbs red and blue-to-violet wavelengths, ie red algae
|
|
CHLOROPHYLL C
|
brown algae contains
|
|
DIATOMS
|
single-celled, w/ 2 silica "shells", type of yellow-brown "plant", Stramenopile
|
|
GOLDEN ALGAE
|
single-celled w/ cellulose walls, type of yellow-brown "plant", Stramenopile
|
|
LAMINARIAN & MANNITOL
|
not starch, energy storage in brown algae
|
|
OOMYCETES
|
"egg fungus", Stramenopile, water molds, downy mildew, white rust, not true fungi, heterotrophic-saprophytes & parasites, some unicellular, others filaments w/ many nuclei, ie water mold & mildew
|
|
SAPROPHYTES
|
get nutrition from dead stuff, ie some oomycetes
|
|
IRISH POTATO FAMINE
|
caused by oomycete mildew: Phytophthora infestans
|
|
RED ALGAE
|
lack flagella, autotrophs w/ chloroplasts from cyanobacteria, mainly marine, mostly multi-cell, cell walls=cellulose, no centrioles, energy storage, sister to green plants, ie Agar, Porphyra
|
|
PHYCOERYTHRIN
|
a phycobilin, type of accessory pigment, abundant in Red Algae and in cyanobacteria
|
|
FLORIDEAN STARCH
|
energy storage for Red Algae
|
|
AGAR
|
from several different red algae species, extract of slimy wall material, used in foods, cosmetics DNA gels, and bacterial cultures
|
|
NORI
|
sushi algae, Porphyra, used in making sushi
|
|
CHLOROPHYTES
|
green algae, sister to streptophytes, starch, chloroplast, cellulose cell wall, gametes, single-cell
|
|
STARCH
|
energy storage for chlorophytes
|
|
CHLOROPHYLL b
|
chlorophytes have a & b; absorb blue & red-orange wavelength
|
|
ANTERIOR WHIPLASH
|
chlorophytes have gametes with 2 anterior whiplash, on the front of body
|
|
PHRAGMOPLAST
|
shared derived characters of Streptophytes; cell division of phragmoplast-spindle apparatus perpendicular to phragmoplast
|
|
OOGAMY
|
streptophytes have differentiable egg and sperm cells
|
|
PLASMODESMATA
|
=cytoplasmic channels between cells; complex multicell. body w/ parenchyma tissue; shared derived character of streptophytes
|
|
CHAROPHYTES
|
first to possess parenchyma tissue, alternation of generations, gametophyte only present
|
|
ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS
|
charophytes possess characteristic life cycle of plants; all green plants go thru this spore-producting & gamete-producing stage during life
|
|
GAMETOPHYTE
|
haploid gamete-producing body that forms during plant life cycles; less dependent on water=smaller gametophyte generation
|
|
SPOROPHYTE
|
vegetative body that produces spore-bearing structures; grows by mitotic cell divisions from a plant zygote
|
|
EMBRYOPHYTES
|
"land plants"-includes "bryophytes" & tracheophytes; make move to land since water has very limited amount of light and CO2
|
|
SPOROPOLLENIN
|
adaptation to living on land; spores w/ sporopollenin wall-specialized wall that resists drying out and decay
|
|
FLAVENOIDS
|
adaptation to living on land; phenolic compounds for uv protection
|
|
CUTICLE
|
adaptation to living on land; adaptation to land; prevents desiccation, coats entire plant body, restricts water loss, but also restricts CO2
|
|
ARCHEGONIA & ANTHRIDIA
|
adaptation to land; multicell gamete-producing structures (protects sperm & egg)
|
|
EMBRYO
|
adaptation to land; young plant, zygote divides much by mitosis to produce embryo; retained/protected inside gametophyte while it grows into a sporophyte
|
|
APICAL CELL GROWTH
|
growth(mitosis) only at the tips of plant(specialized region=meristem)
|
|
BRYOPHYTES
|
embryophyte-streptophyte, includes hornworts+liverworts+mosses; nonvascular land plant requiring free water for fertilization
|
|
LIVERWORTS
|
bryophyte, thallose & leafy, Thallus, gametophyte equal apical growth & unicell rhizoids, some porous, sporophyte-stalked body grows by cell elongation (not apical growth)
|
|
THALLUS
|
on liverworts; plant body that lacks true leaves, stems, and roots
|
|
RHIZOIDS
|
root-like structure; no xylem or phloem
|
|
PORES
|
simple holes; in some thallose plants=some liverworts
|
|
CAPSULE
|
sporangium (where spores are produced)
|
|
MOSSES
|
erect, leafy dominant gametophyte, gametophyte possesses hydroids (water-conducting) ad leptoids(food-conducting) cell analagous to traheophytes, sporophyte elongates by apical growth(still unbranched)
|
|
OPERCULUM
|
cap in mosses for apical growth
|
|
PERISTOME TEETH
|
for dispersal; respond to humidity in mosses
|
|
STOMATA
|
pores for gas exchange and water retention
|
|
GUARD CELLS
|
regulate water and gas exchange thru stomata
|
|
LIGNIN
|
embedded in cell walls for support of cell; adaptation for land due to gravity
|
|
TRACHEOPHYTES
|
includes lycophytes, ferns, & seed plants
|
|
APICAL MERISTEMS
|
branched plant body; mass of dividing cells at root tips and shoot tips; produce hormones
|
|
VASCULAR TISSUE
|
conducting tissue=xylem & phloem; lignin 2nd cell wall of xylem; terrestrial environment is heterogeneous
|
|
XYLEM
|
vascular plants, complex tissue that conducts water and solutes thru pipelines of interconnected walls of cells, which are dead at maturity (lignin); food to above-ground parts
|
|
PHLOEM
|
vascular tissue; live cells(sieve tubes) interconnect as conducting tubes for sugars and other solutes; companion cells help load solutes into the tubes; food to below-ground parts
|
|
CELL TYPES
|
parenchyma, sclerenchyma, & collenchyma
|
|
TISSUES
|
simple tissues & complex tissues
|
|
TISSUE SYSTEMS
|
ground tissue system, vascular tissue system, & dermal tissue system
|
|
ORGANS
|
leaves, stems, roots
|
|
PARENCHYMA
|
simple tissue that makes up the bulk of a plant; has roles in photosynthesis, storage, transport, secretion, other tasks; usually with primary cw only
|
|
SCLERENCHYMA
|
simple tissue that supports mature plant parts and commonly protects seeds. Most of its cells have thick, lignin-impregnated walls; primary & secondary cw; function in support and water conduction
|
|
COLLENCHYMA
|
simple tissue that imparts flexible support during primary growth, as in lenthening stems; ie celery
|
|
SIMPLE TISSUE
|
one cell type; parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma
|
|
COMPLEX TISSUE
|
several cell types
|
|
XYLEM
|
sclerenchyma(water conduction & support) + parenchyma(storage & transport); complex tissue; thick lignified 2nd walls; tracheid; vessel member; transpiration
|
|
TRACHEID
|
=primary water-conducting cell for many tracheophytes; cells elongate, slender, w/ pores for water conduction
|
|
VESSEL MEMBER
|
=more advanced type of water-conducting cell w/ holes in their end walls(perforation plates) found in flowering plants
|
|
PERFORATION PLATES
|
end of wall on vessel member; permits water and air bubbles to flow
|
|
COHESION-TENSION THEORY
|
collective cohesive strength of hydrogen bonds pull up water molecules thru xylem in response to transpiration from leaves
|
|
TRANSPIRATION
|
=evaporation of water from leaves= driving force that pulls water up thru plant, by osmosis
|
|
PHLOEM
|
sclerenchyma(support) + parenchyma(nutrient transport); complex tissue; conduting cells possess thin walls almost dead at maturity; sieve cells, sieve tube members
|
|
SIEVE CELL
|
=primary sucrose-conducting cell for many plant groups; cells elongate, slender, w/ pores for sucrose conduction
|
|
SIEVE TUBE MEMBER
|
=more advanced type of sucrose-conducting cells w/ plates in their end walls found in flowering plants
|
|
COMPANION CELLS
|
associated w/ sieve tube member's and function in loading & unloading sucrose to and from stm's; have nucleus are alive & function as controllers
|
|
PRESSURE FLOW THEORY
|
organic compounds flow thru phloem in response to pressure and concentration gradients b/w sources(leaves) & sinks(growing parts where they are being used or stored)
|
|
EPIDERMIS
|
parenchyma; stomata; outermost layer
|
|
GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM
|
usually composed of simple tissues that function in metabolism &/or storage
|
|
VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM
|
composed of complex tissues that function in water and nutrient conduction
|
|
DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM
|
composed of complex tissues that cover/protect plant surfaces
|
|
PRIMARY MERISTEM
|
=apical meristem, all vascular plants grow in height by this-primary growth; shoot tip, root tip, & dermal, vascular, & ground systems.
|
|
SECONDARY MERISTEM
|
many plants can grow in girth(width) via a lateral(2nd) meristem; vascular cambium & cork cambium
|
|
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
|
secondary meristem that produces 2nd xylem(wood)+2nd phloem
|
|
CORK CAMBIUM
|
2nd meristem that produces periderm (bark); usually present in stems but sometimes roots too
|
|
LEAVES
|
usually primary photosynthetic organs in plant; external structre=blade+petiole; internal structure=dts-stomata(gas exchange/transpiration), gts-mesophyll(photosynthetic tissue-parenchyma), vts-veins(xylem & phloem)
|
|
BLADE
|
the main photosynthesis portion of leaf
|
|
PETIOLE
|
part of leaf, stalk attaching blade to stem
|
|
SIMPLE LEAF
|
one leaf
|
|
COMPOUND LEAF
|
many blades/leaflets
|
|
VEINS
|
vascular bundles of xylem + phloem
|
|
STEM
|
usually primary supporting & conducting organ of a plant; apical meristem: dts-epidermis, vts-vascular bundles of 1 xylem + phloem, gts-cortex + pith; lateral meristem: dts-cork cambium, vts-vascular cambium, gts-cortex + pith
|
|
CORTEX
|
a rindlike layer; ground tissue; supports parts and stores food
|
|
PITH
|
of most dicot stems, ground tissue inside of ring of vascular bundles; apical=usually parenchyma, lateral=generally lost as plant ages
|
|
VASCULAR BUNDLES
|
array of primary xylem & phloem in multistranded, sheathed cords that thread lengthwise in the ground tissue system
|
|
ROOTS
|
usually primary water-absorbing organs of a plant; external: root cap & root hairs; internal: dts-epidermis w/ root hairs, vts-cylinder of 1 xylem + phloem(can develop wood), gts-cortx + pith(monocots only), endodermis
|
|
ROOT HAIRS
|
elongate epidermal cells that function in absorbing water from soil(often associated w/ fungal symbionts)
|
|
ROOT CAP
|
protective sheath for growing root tip (apical meristem)
|
|
ENDODERMIS
|
filtering layer inside roots that controls absorbed solutes entering xylem; water either goes thru cells(filtered by cw & membrane) or b/w cells (blocked by waxy layer=Casparian strip)
|
|
LYCOPHYTES
|
spike-mosses & club-mosses(NOT MOSSES!); dichotomously branched, microphylls, true roots, lateral sporangia
|
|
DICHOTOMOUSLY BRANCHED
|
branched into 2 equal parts; lycophytes & bryophytes
|
|
MICROPHYLLS
|
small leaves w/ one vein(xylem + phloem conduit)
|
|
TRUE ROOTS
|
multicellular, complex, underground organ for absorbing water and nutrients(xylem + phloem- different from rhizoids)
|
|
LATERAL SPORANGIA
|
ancentral condition=terminal; often concentrated in specialized areas=strobilus(nonflowering plants, a cluster of spore-producing structures)
|
|
EUPHYLLOPHYTES
|
includes ferns + "gymnosperms" + angiosperms; multiflagellate sperm, endogenous roots, & overtopping growth, megaphyll
|
|
MULTIFLAGELLATE SPERM
|
ancentral condion=2
|
|
ENDOGENOUS ROOTS
|
lateral roots originate from inside main root
|
|
OVERTOPPING GROWTH
|
unequal branching of apical meristem(ancestral growth=dichotomous branching)
|
|
MEGAPHYLLS
|
large leaves w/ many veins; evolutionary derived from overtopping-flattening branch system-webbing b/w branches
|
|
FERNS
|
sporophyte dominant w/ megaphylls, endogeneous roots, & overtopped stem growth, sporangia on leaves, sorus
|
|
SORUS
|
cluster of sporangia; ie ferns
|
|
LEPTOSPORANGIA
|
sporangia; stalked, thin-walled, annulus
|
|
ANNULUS
|
sensitive to humidity, opens sporangium, releases spores
|
|
SEED PLANTS
|
includes "gymnosperms" + angiosperms; axillary branching, secondary growth, heterospory
|
|
AXILLARY BRANCHING
|
lateral buds(in leaf axils) that can also branch (ancenstral condition=branching apical meristem only)
|
|
STELE
|
xylem + phloem of a stem or root
|
|
PROTOSTELE
|
primitive type of stele=xylem core surrounded by phloem; produced by apical meristem
|
|
EUSTELE
|
advanced type of stele=units of 1 xylem and 1 phloem(vascular bundles) arranged in a ring; produced by apical meristem
|
|
SECONDARY XYLEM
|
wood!
|
|
HETEROSPORY
|
Seeds! production of 2 types of spores-from unisexual gametophyte(sep. male and female gametophytes)
|
|
HOMOSPORY
|
ancestral condition=homospory=all spores the same-from a bisexual gametophyte=gametophyte that can produce both gametes
|
|
SEED
|
# of megaspores/sporangium is one, keep spore inside sporangium & reduce female gametophyte, surround w/ protective tissue layer=integument
|
|
OVULE
|
young seed (w/ unfertilized egg & integument)
|
|
POLLINATION DROPLET
|
=water; pollen grain lands on at micropyle
|
|
INTEGUMENT
|
protects zygote & developing embryo
|
|
MICROSPORANGIUM
|
microspores develop inside a different sporangium, microspore=male gametophyte w/ 2 sperm-pollen grain
|
|
MEGASPORANGIUM
|
megaspore forms by meiosis in the ovary of seed-bearing plants
|
|
MICROPYLE
|
opening of ovule
|
|
GYMNOSPERMS
|
naked seeds (only 1 integument); conifers & cycads
|
|
CONIFERS
|
cone-bearing plants, well branched stems, simple megaphylls(needles or scales), well-developed wood, cone, disperse by wind, resin in internal canals, microsporangia in strobili
|
|
CONE
|
seeds on complex shoot system
|
|
CYCADS
|
palm-like growth(usually short unbranched stem), soft wood (lots of parenchyma), slime canals w/ poisonous chemicals (cycasins), megaphylls large & compound, seeds on modified leaves-usually in strobilus, microsporangia(pollen) on separate strobilus, insect pollinated
|
|
ANGIOSPERMS
|
flowering plants, simple leaves, xylem w/ vessels, phloem w/ sieve tube members, dble fertilization, flower, ovules w/ 2 integuments, seed
|
|
DOUBLE FERTILIZATION
|
1 sperm fertilizes egg, 2nd sperm fuses w/ 2 cells of female gametophyte-endosperm
|
|
FLOWER
|
modified stem axis w/ modified leaves attached; sepals-calyx(protective); petals-corolla(pollinator attract); stamens(anther+filament)-androecium(pollen-producing structures); carpels(stigma+style+ovary)-gynoecium(ovule-producing structures)
|
|
FRUIT
|
ovary w/ mature ovules-fruit containing seeds
|
|
OVULE
|
for flowering plants, female gametophyte develops on sporophyte
|
|
SEED
|
ovule after fertilization in flowering plants
|
|
INFLORESCENCE
|
clustered flowers; sunflowers
|
|
SAPROPHYTES (FUNGI)
|
absorb nutrients from dead stuff
|
|
PARASITES (FUNGI)
|
absorb nutrients from live stuff
|
|
SYMBIOTIC (FUNGI)
|
lichens and mycorrhizae
|
|
CHITIN
|
cw; glucose polymer w/ nitrogen; shared characteristic w/ animals
|
|
MYCELIUM
|
=body=mass of mulitcell filaments(hyphae); main body of fungus
|
|
SEPTA
|
in fungi, cross walls with pores for organelles to flow, that divide hyphae
|
|
MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
|
symbiotic fungi on/in plant roots; provides great surface area for water/nutrient absorption, in return plant provides sucrose &/or micronutrients
|
|
ENDOMYCORRHIZAE
|
fungi inside roots, mostly zygomycetes
|
|
ECTOMYCORRHIZAE
|
fungi on outside of roots, mainly basidiomycetes
|
|
CHYTRIDS
|
primitive fungi, spores w/ flagella, multinucleate hyphae
|
|
ZYGOMYCETES
|
black bread molds, no septa, sexual part of life cycle: 2 hyphae strains fuse-nuclei fuse to form zygosporangium(2n)-meiosis-zygospores(n)
|
|
ASCOMYCETES
|
sac fungi, unicell-multicell, septa in hyphae(single spore in each septum), sex cycle: 2 hyphae strains fuse-form ascus(2n)-meiosis-ascospores(n); ie ergot(LSD), brewer's yeast
|
|
BASIDIOMYCETES
|
mushrooms, mycelium=dikaryotic filaments w/ cross walls to control flow of organelles(diplore septa); sex cycle: 2 nuclei fuse-basidium(2n)-meiosis-basidiospores(n)
|
|
MUSHROOM
|
reproductive structure that bears basidia
|
|
GILLS
|
specific area on the mushroom that bear basidia
|
|
DEUTEROMYCETES
|
imperfect fungi; no known sex stage of life cycle, ie housemold, Penicillium was now ascomycete
|
|
LICHEN
|
symbiotic association b/w fungus & an alga; fungus=house(ascomycete), alga=food-maker(chlorophyte or cyanobacterium), asexual reproduction by propagules(dispersal units of fungus + alga) & independently sexually reproduce; forms are crustose (crusty), foliose(leafy), and fruticose(branched)
|