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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How did people think about life on earth before Darwin? |
-Earth was only a few thousand years old -Species hadn't changed since creation. |
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What type of islands are the galapagos? Why is this important? |
They are volcanic. Everything had to have have come from elsewhere, and almost all life there had come from South America. |
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Darwin's initial thoughts on adaptation(2)
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-Adaptation and origin of new species are closely related processes.
-Single type of founder population could become adapted to the particulars of its environment. |
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Thomas Henry Huxley |
"Darwin's Bulldog:" Vehemently defended his theories at Universities
Comparative anatomist
Had a collection of bird dinosaur fossils |
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Developed theory of natural selection similar to Darwin's
Sent Darwin a manuscript in June 1858 |
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Macroevolution |
changes in a population over a very long period of time |
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Speciation |
splitting of one species into to or more new species. |
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What did the reverend john henslow study |
Beatles |
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Whos captain robert fitzroy? What's his beef w/Darwin? |
Captain of the beagle
Believed, according to phrenology, that darwin's nose shape indicated that he was a liar. |
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How did darwin end up travelling on the beagle? |
After graduation, he took an unpaid position as naturalist and companion to capt robert fitzroy
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When and how long was the voyage of the beagle? |
five years (1831-1836) |
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From where did Darwin collect the most important plant and animall smaples |
South America |
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What book by lyell was w/darwin on the voyage? |
Principles of Geology |
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What was darwins family made up of?
What did darwin begin his studies in? What did he really want to do? |
Physicians
First medicine, then theology at cambridge univ. under rev john henslow he wanted to be a naturalist. |
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what did darwin gain and discern from geology?2
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Fossils from his voyage(younger stratum-more reccent fossils. Older strata: Older fossils.)
Earth must be very old, there was time for descent w/ modification species are not fixed: change over time. |
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what is lyell's principle of uniformitarianism? |
states that the mechanisms of change are constant over time.
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what did geologists james huttton and charles lyell percieve? |
changes in earth's surface can result from slow, coninuous actions operating today. |
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Catastrophism |
Theory that eart has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events possibly worldwide in scope.
This explains the appearance of new forms replacing old forms due to local catastrophe
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the study of what led to evolutionary thinking?
Who founded this?
Why was it developed? |
fossils found in earths strata
georges cuvier
paleontology |
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what was jean baptist lamarcks hypothesis of evolution? (WHEN?)
Whos he anyway? |
in 1809, he hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and inheritance of accquired characteristics.
A chump biologist(Giraffe necks reaching out to grab leaves) |
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evolution by natural selection |
descent with modification
A process that results in the evolution of organisms well adapted to their environment
central to understanding of modern biology
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What are the steps/requirements for natural selection to occur?(4)
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1.Members of a population have heritable variations
2.population produces more offspring than the resources of an eenvironment can support 3.reproduction 4.over time, the proportion of the favorable trait increases in the popular and the population becomes adapted to the environment |
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What is artificial selection |
Breeding |
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Who was Charles Lyell?
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Author of Principles of Geology
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Who was Thomas Malthus?
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Influenced Darwin by noting the potential for human poplation to increase faster than food supplies and other resources
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What is the evidence for evolutionary change?(7)
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-MRSA
-Fossils intermediately between reptiles and birds -DDT resistance in mosquitoes -Biogeographical evidence -Homologous structures -Vestigial structures -Molecular evidence |
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What are homologous structures(Also evidence for evolutionary change) |
Anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor. |
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What Biogeographical evidence supports evolutionary change? |
When forms are related, they evolve in one locale and spread to accessible regions that they may be better suited for.(Sugar Gliders in Australia and Flying Squirrels in America.)1 |
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What are vestigial structures? |
Remnants of features that served important functions in the organism's ancestors(like my appendix, the boa's pelvis, or dolphin hindlimbs.) |
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What molecular evidence supports evolution?(3)
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-All orgs. use the same biochemical molecules(DNA ATP)
-life's variation comes from only slight differences in genes -Cytochrome C |
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What is Cytochrome C |
A molecule used in the electron transport chain of all organisms |
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What are the three types of natural selection?
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Stabilizing Directional disruptive |
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Describe stabilizing natural selection and give an example |
(Maintains or tightens the bell curve because phenotypes near the average are favored.)(Swiss Starlings Egg numbers) |
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Describe Directional selection and provide an example |
Bell curve is shifted in one direction, because a specific non-average phenotype is favored Horses were very small but became much larger as they moved into planes out of the woods |
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Describe disruptive selection and provide an example |
2 or more non average phenotypes are favored British land snails living in both the forests and fields with different colored shells in each
rock pocket mice with different colored fur on different colored terrain |
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Why is Sickle Cell Anemia still around
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Hybrid Vigor- Because heterozygous individuals were the most likely to survive, and reproduce when the mutation formed. If they were homozygous without the recessive sickle cell gene, they would be susceptible to malaria. If they are Homozygous with two alleles for sickle cell, they have sickle cell.
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What is microevolution |
Small measurable evolutionary changes within a population from generation to generation. |
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What conditions must be met for Hardy-Weinberg equillibrium?(5)
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-No Mutations.
-No gene flow. -Random mataing -No genetic drift -no selection |
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What is gene flow? |
Gene migration |
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What is genetic drift? |
changes in genotypes in a population due to chance, and members not being able to reproduce |
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What is the source of all adaptations? |
Mutations |
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Explain Founders effect and Bottleneck Genetic drift
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Founders effect- rare genotypes occur at a higher frequency in a population isolated from the general population.(Like the amish unusual form of dwarfism being extremely prevalent due to inbreeding)
Bottleneck- Species suffers a near exticintion and only a few survivors go on to produce the next generation (Like cheetahs, they are relatively infertile due to their inbreeding |
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What is a species |
Organism that can produce viable offspring(Reproductive)
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What are different types of reproductive barriers?(2)
Do they prevent offspring altogether? |
Pre and post zygotic
no there can be unviable offspring |
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What is an example of pre zygotic reproductive barrier? |
Before mating so habitat isolation, behavioral isolation(birds mating rituals). |
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What is an example of postzygotic reproductive barrier? |
After attempted insemination so hybrid sterility(Different number of chromosomes results in no Gametes) F2 fitness(weakness)
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What is allopatric speciation? |
Speciation based on geographic isolation |
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What is sympatric speciation? |
Population develops into two or more reproductively isolated groups wihtout geographic isolation |
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as a consequence of allopatric speciation-What is adaptive radiation?
What is an example? |
When new species evolve from a single ancestral species.
Galapagos island finches with different beaks |
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What is the gradualistic model of speciation which Darwin believed to be true?
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evolutionary changes occurred gradually
Evolutionary history as a tree. Difficult to find when speciation has occurred because of transitional links. |
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What is punctuated equillibrium?
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Peiod of equilibrium is punctuated by speciation
Transitional links less likely to form fossils and less likely to be found |
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What are the categories of classification from most to least inclusive? |
Domain Kingdom Phylum class order family genus species |
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What is a mass exinction? |
Disappearance of a large number of species or a higher taxonomic group within a relatively short period of time. |
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What are two examples of major factors contributing to mass extinctions in history? |
Meteorites
Continental drift |
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What are the three domains of life? |
Bacteria(No nucleus) Archaea(No nucleus also single celled) Eukaryotes(plants, animals membrane bound nucleus single and multi celled orgs.) |
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what is Thomas malthus' basic explanation of how genes become prevalent?
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If some heritable traits are advantageous these will accumulate in the population and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adptations
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uniformitarianism
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Proposed uniformitatianism, which stated that slow geological changes occurred at a uniform rate.
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