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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A method of determining the age of an object by estimating the relative percentages of a radioactive (parent) isotope and a stable (daughter) isotope.
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Radiometric Dating
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Unstable isotopes that break down and give off energy in the form of charged particles (radiation).
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Radioisotopes
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The time for half of a saple of a radioactive substance to disintigrate by radioactive decay or by natural processes.
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Half-Life
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A form of an element whose atomic mass (the mass of each individual atom) differs from that of other atoms of the same element.
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Isotope
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In the 1920s, the Russian scientist _____ and the British Scientist J.B.S. Haldane both suggested that the early Earth's oceans contained large amounts of organic molecules. This hypothesis became known as the _____ model.
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A.I. Oparin, Primordial Soup Model
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Tiny droplets which can bring together short chains of amino acids.
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Microsphere
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The preserved or mineralized remains (bone, tooth, or shell) or imprint of an organism that lived long ago.
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Fossil
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A bacterium that can carry ot photosynthesis, such as a blue-green algae.
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Cyanobacteria
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A classification system that contains all prokaryotes except archaebacteria.
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Eubacteria
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A classification system made up of bacteria that live in extreme environments; differentiated from other prokaryotes by various important chemical differences.
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Archaebacteria
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An episode during which all members of a species become extinct.
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Mass Extinction
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The death of all members of a species.
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Extinction
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A branching diagram that shows how organisms are related through evolution.
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Phylogenic Tree
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During this event, taxonomists give varying degrees of importance to characters and thus produce a subjective analysis of evolutionary relationships.
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Evolutionary Systematics
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A diagram that is based on patterns of shared, derived traits and that shows the evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms.
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Cladogram
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The science of naming and classifying organisms.
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Taxonomy
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A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name.
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Binomial Nomenclature
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A taxonomic category containing similar species.
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Genus
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An animal that has a backbone; includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
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Vertebrate
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A member of the phylum Arthropoda, which includes invertebrate animals such as insects, crustaceans, and arachnids; characterized by having segmentted bodies and paired appendages.
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Arthropod
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The process by which individuals that have favourable variations and are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less will adapted individuals do.
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Natural Selection
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An inherited trait that has become common in a population because the trait provides a selective advantage.
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Adaptation
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A structure in an organism that is reduced in size and funcition and may have been complete and functional in the organism's ancestors.
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Vestigial Structure
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Structures that share a common ancestry.
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Homologous Structures
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The inability of members of a population to successfully interbreed with members of another population of the same or related species.
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Reproductive Isolation
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A model of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to biological diversity.
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Gradualism
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A model of evolution in which short periods of drastic change in species, including mass extinctions and speciations, are separated by long periods of little or no change.
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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A scientist who studies fossils.
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Paleontologist
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The accumulation of difference between groups.
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Divergence
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The process by which new species form.
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Speciation
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A taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species.
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Subspecies
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The taxonomic category below the order and above the genus.
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Family
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The taxonomic category below the class and above the family.
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Order
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A taxonomic category below kingdom and above class.
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Class
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The highest taxonomic category, which contains a group similar to phyla.
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Kingdom
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What all living things are grouped into.
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Domain
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All living things are grouped into _____ domains.
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3 Domains
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A group of organisms that can reproduce only among themselves and that are usually contained in a geographic region.
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Biological Species
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The process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment.
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Convergent Evolution
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An organism's evolutionary history.
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Phylogeny
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Similarities that arise through convergent evolution
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Analogous Characters
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A method of analysis that reconstructs phylogenies by inferring relationships based on shared characters.
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Cladistics
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A character that evolved in a common ancestor of both groups.
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Ancestral Character
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A unique characteristic of a particular group of organisms.
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Derived Character
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A symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots.
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Mycorrhiza
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A relationship between two species in which both species benefit.
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Mutualism
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An organism that belongs to the kingdom Protista.
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Protist
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The _____ period was a time of great evolutionary expansion. Many unusual _____ animals appeared during this time.
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Cambrian Period, Marine
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How do fossils form.
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They get buried by mud or sediment, and in the right conditions, they harden into fossils.
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