Biology Chapter 9: Introduction To Genetics: Mitosis And Cytokinesis

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With Bacteria and Eukarya, one of three domains of the living world, composed solely of microscopic, single-celled organisms superficially similar to bacteria but genetically quite different.

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Archaea

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Reproduction that occurs without the union of two reproductive cells (sexual reproduction). Offspring produced through this way are genetically identical to their parent organism.

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asexual reproduction

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The form of reproduction carried out by prokaryotic cells in which the chromosome replicates and the cell pinches between the attachment points of the two resulting chromosomes to form two new cells.

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binary fission

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With Archaea and Eukarya, one of three domains of the living world, composed solely of single-celled, microscopic organisms that superficially resemble archaea but are genetically quite different.

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Bacteria

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The repeating pattern of growth, genetic duplication, and division seen in most cells.

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cell cycle

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A cellular structure that acts as an organizing center for the assembly of microtubules. A cell’s _________ duplicates prior to mitosis and plays an important part in the development of the cell’s mitotic spindle.

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centrosome

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One of the two identical strands of chromatin (DNA plus associated proteins) that make up a chromosome in its duplicated state.

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chromatid

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A molecular complex of DNA and its associated proteins that makes up the chromosomes of eukaryotic organisms.

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chromatin

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Structural unit containing part or all of an organism’s genome, consisting of DNA and its associated proteins (chromatin). The human genome is made up of 23 pairs of ___________, or 46 in all.

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chromosome

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The physical separation of one cell into two daughter cells.

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cytokinesis

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The primary information-bearing molecule of life, composed of two chains of nucleotides, linked together in the form of a double helix.

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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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A chemically active protein that speeds up, or in practical terms enables, chemical reactions in living things.

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enzyme

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The study of physical inheritance among living things.

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genetics

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The complete collection haploid set of an organism’s genetic information or chromosomes.

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genome

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Chromosomes that are the same in size and function. Species that are diploid (have two sets of chromosomes) have matching pairs of homologous chromosomes.

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homologous chromosomes

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That portion of the cell cycle in which the cell simultaneously carries out its work and—in preparation for division—duplicates its chromosomes.

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interphase

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A pictorial arrangement of a full set of an organism’s chromosomes.

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karyotype

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A type of RNA that encodes, and carries to ribosomes, information for the synthesis of proteins.

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messenger RNA (mRNA)

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A plane located midway between the poles of a dividing cell.

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metaphase plate

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The largest of the cytoskeletal filaments, microtubules take the form of hollow tubes composed of the protein tubulin. They help give structure to the cell, serve as the “rails” on which transport vesicles move.

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microtubule

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The separation of a somatic cell’s duplicated chromosomes prior to cytokinesis.

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mitosis

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That portion of the cell cycle that includes both mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is the separation of a somatic cell’s duplicated chromosomes; cytokinesis is the physical separation of one cell into two daughter cells.

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mitotic (M) phase

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The microtubules active in cell division, including those that align and move the chromosomes.

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mitotic spindle

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A compound composed of a defined number of atoms existing in a defined spatial relationship to one another.

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molecule

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A large polymer of amino acids, composed of one or more polypeptide chains. Comes in many forms, including enzymes, structural ________, and hormones.

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protein

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An organelle, located in the cell’s cytoplasm, that is the site of protein synthesis. The translation phase of protein synthesis takes place within __________.

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ribosome

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What determines the sex of an organism. (X or Y)

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sex chromosome