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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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heredity
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the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring
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trait
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a category in which characteristics can be observed
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pollination
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when pollen grains produced in anthers are transferred to the stigma
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self-pollination
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when pollen is transferred from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant
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cross-pollination
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taking anthers from one flower and transferring them to the stigma of a flower on another plant
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pure
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always produce offspring with the same trait
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strain
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plants that are pure for a certain trait
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P1 generation
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parental generation
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F1 generation
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offspring of the P1 generation
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F2 generation
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offspring of the F1 generation
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dominant
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an allele that masks the other allele for the same trait
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recessive
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an allele that does not show up due to the fact that it is masked by a dominant allele
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law of segregation
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a pair of factors is segregated during the formation of gametes
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law of independent assortment
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factors for different characteristics are distributed to gametes separately
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gamete
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reproductive cell
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molecular genetics
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the study of the structure and function of chromosomes and genes
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allele
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each alternative form of a gene (ex. tallness gene; T= tall, t= short - each T/t is an allele)
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genotype
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the genetic makeup of an organism (Pp or PP)
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phenotype
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the appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype (purple flowers - as a result of Pp or PP)
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homozygous
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when both alleles of a trait are the same (homozygous recessive - rr; homozygous dominant - RR)
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heterozygous
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when the two alleles in the pair are different (Rr)
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probablility
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the likelihood that a certain event will occur (# of times event is expected to occur/ # of opportunities for event to occur)
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monohybrid cross
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a cross between individuals involving one pair of contrasting traits
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genotypic ratio
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the ratio of genotypes that appear in offspring
(ex. 2BB:2bB) |
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phenotypic ratio
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the ratio of the offsprings phenotypes (3 black: 1 white)
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testcross
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an indivisual with an unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual
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complete dominance
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one allele is completely dominant over the other
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incomplete dominance
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when 2 or more alleles influence the phenotype; offspring have a phenotype in between parents' (red flower and white flower produce pink flower)
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codominance
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both alleles for a gene are expressed in a heterozygous offspring (neither allele is recessive or dominant - red flower and white flower produce white flowers with red spots)
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dihybrid cross
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a cross between individuals that involve 2 pairs of contrasting traits
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