Biology Chapter 8

Front 1

Metabolic Pathway

Back 1

Starts with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps.

Front 2

Catabolic Pathways

Back 2

Complex molecules are broken down.

Front 3

Anabolic Pathways

Back 3

Smaller molecules are used to make more complex molecules.

Front 4

Bioenergetics

Back 4

The study of how energy flows through living organisms

Front 5

Energy

Back 5

The capacity to do work.

Front 6

Kinetic Energy

Back 6

Energy associated with motion

Front 7

Heat / Thermal Energy

Back 7

Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

Front 8

Potential Energy

Back 8

Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

Front 9

Chemical Energy

Back 9

Potential energy available for release in the chemical reaction

Front 10

Thermodynamics

Back 10

The study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

Front 11

First Law of Thermodynamics

Back 11

The energy of the universe is constant: Energy can be transferred or transformed but not created or destroyed.

Front 12

Entropy

Back 12

a measure of disorder

Front 13

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Back 13

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

Front 14

Spontaneous Process

Back 14

This is a reaction that does not require an input of energy.

Front 15

Free Energy

Back 15

The portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.

Front 16

Exergonic Reaction

Back 16

A reaction that release energy (Catabolic)

Front 17

Endergonic Reaction

Back 17

A reaction that requires energy to start.

Front 18

Energy Coupling

Back 18

The use of exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions

Front 19

ATP

Back 19

Adenosine Triphosphate. Contains a sugar ribose, with a nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups. Broken by hydrolysis.

Front 20

Phosphorylated Intermediate

Back 20

The recipient of the phosphate group from the ATP.

Front 21

Enzyme

Back 21

A protein that acts as a catalyst

Front 22

Activation Energy

Back 22

The free energy of activation. Difference between transition state (peak) and reactants.

Front 23

Substrate

Back 23

A reactant an enzyme acts on

Front 24

Enzyme Substrate Complex

Back 24

The substrate and enzyme are together.

Front 25

Active Site

Back 25

A restricted region of the enzyme that actually binds to the substrate

Front 26

Induced Fit

Back 26

Brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction

Front 27

Cofactor

Back 27

Nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity, like a vitamin

Front 28

Coenzyme

Back 28

Nonprotein, but still organic, helpers for catalytic activity

Front 29

Competitive Inhibition

Back 29

Other molecules that can bind to an enzyme, reducing the chances of the normal substrate from attaching

Front 30

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

Back 30

Impedes enzymatic activity by binding to another part of the enzyme, altering its shape.

Front 31

Allosteric Regulation

Back 31

A protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site.

Front 32

Cooperativity

Back 32

A substrate molecule binding to one active site in a multisubunit enzyme triggers a shape change in all the subunits

Front 33

Feedback Inhibition

Back 33

A metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.