Biology Chapter 7.3

Front 1

Cellular Boundaries

Back 1

A. Plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protests have a cell wall.

B. Cell Wall – a fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane that
provides additional support and protection.

C. Cell Wall is not selective, it allows molecules to enter

Front 2

Nucleus and Cell Control

Back 2

A. The nucleus is the control center of a eukaryotic cell.
1. The nucleus contains all the directions to make a protein. (DNA)
B. DNA - is the set of directions for making proteins.
C. Chromatin – the strands of DNA
1. When a cell divides, the chromatin condenses to form chromosomes.
D. Nucleolus – is found inside the nucleus and makes ribosomes.
E. Nuclear Envelope – is the structure that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
F. Ribosomes – the sites where cells produce proteins based of the directions contained in DNA
1. Ribosomes are made of RNA. They are not bound by a membrane.
G. Cytoplasm – clear, gelatinous fluid in the cells that is the site of numerous chemical reactions, it suspends the organelles.

Front 3

Assembly, Transport & Storage

Back 3

*

Front 4

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 4

folded membranes that are the site of cellular
chemical reactions. Proteins and lipids are manufactured here. It is also a network of tubules that contributes to protein distribution.
a. Rough ER – location where ribosome attach to the ER to carry out
protein synthesis
b. Smooth ER - ER that has no ribosomes, involved in storage and formation of lipids.

Front 5

Golgi Apparatus

Back 5

Sorts proteins into packages and sends them to the appropriate vesicles
to be distributed.

Front 6

Vacuole

Back 6

membrane bound sac used for temporary storage in the cell.

Vacuoles store food, enzymes and other materials the cell may need.

Front 7

Lysosomes

Back 7

Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes.

Lysosomes digest excess/worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed bacteria/virus.

Front 8

Chloroplasts and Energy

Back 8

Chloroplasts and Energy

1.Chloroplasts – organelles that capture light energy to convert into chemical energy.
Chloroplasts are part of a group of plastids.
2. Plastids- are plant organelles that are used for storage.
3. Chlorophyll – the pigment that gives plants their green color and traps light energy.

Front 9

Chloroplasts

Back 9

organelles that capture light energy to convert into chemical energy.

Front 10

Plastids

Back 10

are plant organelles that are used for storage.

Front 11

Chlorophyll

Back 11

the pigment that gives plants their green color and traps light energy.

Front 12

Mitochondria and Energy

Back 12

1. Mitochondria – transform sugar molecules into energy for the cell. They are found in plant and animal cells.
2. In the mitochondria the energy is stored in the bonds of a special molecule called ATP that can be accessed easily when the cell needs energy.

Front 13

Mitochondria

Back 13

transform sugar molecules into energy for the cell. They are found in plant and animal cells.

Front 14

In the mitochondria the energy is stored in the bonds of a special molecule called __________ that can be accessed easily when the cell needs energy.

Back 14

ATP

Front 15

Cytoskeleton

Back 15

1. Cytoskeleton – is the support structure of the cell.

The cytoskeleton is made up of rods called microtubules and filaments.

2. Microtubules – are hollow tubes of protein.

Microtubules aid in support like scaffolding or the poles of a tent.

Front 16

What is the cytoskeleton and what does it do?

Back 16

Cytoskeleton – is the support structure of the cell.

The cytoskeleton is made up of rods called microtubules and filaments.

Front 17

What are Microtubules and what do they do?

Back 17

Microtubules – are hollow tubes of protein.

Microtubules aid in support like scaffolding or the poles of a tent.

Front 18

What do you know about Cilia & Flagella?

Back 18

Cilia & Flagella

Cilia and flagella are both organelles that are made of microtubules and aid
in feeding or locomotion.
1. Cilia – Short, numerous, and look like hair. They move in a rowing motion.
2. Flagella – Long, and have a whip-like motion.

Front 19

Cilia

Back 19

Short, numerous, and look like hair. They move in a rowing motion.

Front 20

Flagella

Back 20

Long, and have a whip-like motion.

Front 21

__________ and __________ are both organelles that are made of microtubules and aid
in feeding or locomotion.

Back 21

Cilia and Flagella

Front 22

Nucleolus

Back 22

The nucleolus is found inside the nucleus and makes ribosomes.

Front 23

The _______________ is the control center of a eukaryotic cell.

Back 23

Nucleus

Front 24

The ___________ contains all the directions to make a protein. (DNA)

Back 24

Nucleus

Front 25

DNA

Back 25

DNA - is the set of directions for making proteins.

Front 26

What happens when a cell divides?

Back 26

Chromatin – the strands of DNA

1. When a cell divides, the chromatin condenses to form chromosomes.

Front 27

Nuclear Envelope

Back 27

Nuclear Envelope – is the structure that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

Front 28

Ribosomes

Back 28

Ribosomes – the sites where cells produce proteins based of the directions
contained in DNA
1. Ribosomes are made of RNA. They are not bound by a membrane.

Front 29

Cytoplasm

Back 29

Cytoplasm – clear, gelatinous fluid in the cells that is the site of numerous chemical reactions, it suspends the organelles.

Front 30

True of False:

Cell Wall is not selective, it allows molecules to enter

Back 30

True

Front 31

Cell Wall –

Back 31

a fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane that
provides additional support and protection.

Front 32

Nuclear Envelope

Back 32

Nuclear Envelope – is the structure that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

Front 33

Ribosomes

Back 33

Ribosomes – the sites where cells produce proteins based of the directions
contained in DNA
1. Ribosomes are made of RNA. They are not bound by a membrane.

Front 34

Cytoplasm

Back 34

Cytoplasm – clear, gelatinous fluid in the cells that is the site of numerous chemical reactions, it suspends the organelles.

Front 35

True of False:

Cell Wall is not selective, it allows molecules to enter

Back 35

True

Front 36

Cell Wall –

Back 36

a fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane that
provides additional support and protection.

Front 37

Plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protests have a _________

Back 37

cell wall

Front 38

Proteins

Back 38

Proteins are found with in the lipid membrane

2. Transport proteins regulate which molecules enter or leave cell.
3. Some proteins help in identification of cell or a chemical receptors.

Front 39

Proteins are found with in the ______________________.

Back 39

lipid membrane

Front 40

Cholesterol

Back 40

Cholesterol – helps prevent the tails of the phospholipids from sticking together

1. Some Cholesterol in you diet is necessary for health of cells.

Front 41

Cholesterol – helps prevent the tails of the phospholipids from
______________________?

Back 41

sticking together

Front 42

Structure of the plasma membrane

Back 42

Structure of the plasma membrane

A. Phospholipid bilayer - formation and function of plasma membrane
1. Phospholipid molecule -Has a polar head and a nonpolar tail.
2. The phospholipid bilayer is fluid.

Front 43

The Phospholipid bilayer is ____________.

Back 43

The phospholipid bilayer is fluid.

Front 44

Phospholipid molecule -Has a ___________ and a ________________.

Back 44

Phospholipid molecule -Has a polar head and a nonpolar tail.

Front 45

Tell me about the plasma membrane....

Back 45

Cells must control materials
A. Plasma membrane – flexible boundary between the cell and its environment.

1. Allows materials (glucose, amino acids, lipids) to enter cell regardless of environment.

2. Wastes and excess materials are removed to maintain homeostasis.

3. Selective permeability - allows some materials into cell while keeping others out.

Front 46

Plasma membrane

Back 46

Plasma membrane – flexible boundary between the cell and its environment.

Front 47

What are the two basic cell types?

Back 47

Two Basic Cell Types
A.Prokaryotes – small cells that do not contain membrane bound organelles, simple, and lacks a nucleus
Ex. Bacteria cells
B. Eukaryotes – cells that contain membrane bound organelles, have a nucleus.
Ex. Plant cells, animal cells

Front 48

Prokaryotes

Back 48

A. Prokaryotes – small cells that do not contain membrane bound organelles, simple, and lacks a nucleus
Ex. Bacteria cells

Front 49

Eukaryotes

Back 49

B. Eukaryotes – cells that contain membrane bound organelles, have a nucleus.
Ex. Plant cells, animal cells

Front 50

Electron Microscopes

Back 50

Electron Microscopes

A. Use a beam of electrons to magnify structures up to 500, 000 times.

B. Object being observed must be put into a vacuum to be magnified.

Ex. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Front 51

Matthias Schleiden

Back 51

Matthias Schleiden observed a variety of plants.
1. He determined that all plants are composed of cells.

Front 52

Theodor Schwann

Back 52

Theodor Schwann determined that all animals are composed of cells.

Front 53

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Back 53

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek –discovered red blood cells and bacteria cells.

Front 54

Robert Hooke

Back 54

Robert Hooke named cells for the simple rooms monks lived in.

Front 55

There are 3 main ideas that make up cell theory:

Back 55

There are 3 main ideas that make up cell theory:

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms.

3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

Front 56

Compound Light Microscopes

Back 56

Compound Light Microscopes

1. Use a series of lens and light to magnify objects.

2. They can magnify objects up to about 1500 times.