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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two broad divisions of the skeleton and? List parts of the skeletal system that fall under each division. |
1. Axial skeleton- skull, column, sacrum, and rib cage 2. Appendicular skeleton- appendages (limbs) and girdles |
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How many bones are in the human skeleton? |
206 |
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What is the cranium and what is its function? |
main bone in the skull that forms an armored shell to protect the brain |
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What are fontanels and what is their function? |
membrane in babies' skulls that protects their brain and allows the skull to deform to fit through the birth canal and to grow later in the babies life |
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What are sutures and what is their function? |
line where fontanels join together that give the skull strength by absorbing shock from a blow to the head |
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What are sinuses and what is their function? |
hollow spaces in the skull that give the voice its vocal quality and allows the skull to be lighter than if it were made of solid bone |
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What is the hyoid and what is their function? |
serves as the foundation of the tongue muscles and of certain other muscles that allow you to swallow |
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Name the bones, regions and curves of the vertebral column. |
Bones- vertebrae, inter vertebral disks (cartilage) Regions- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacial Curvatures- cervical curvature, thoracic curvature, lumbar curvature, pelvic curvature |
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What is the difference between true, false, and floating ribs. |
True- are attached to sternum False- do not connect to the sternum Floating- doesn't connect to the front of the thoracic cage at all |
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What is cartilage? |
a tough, rubbery connective tissue that cushions the joints between the bones |
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What is the sacrum? |
The pelvic region consists of the sacral vertebrae, which are five separate vertebrae in infants but are fused into a single bone, called the sacrum, in adults. The sacrum is joined rigidly to the hip bones to form the foundation of the spine. |
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Name the tail bone. |
coccyx |
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What bones make up the pelvic girdle? |
right and left ilium |
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What bones make up the pectoral girdle? |
clavicle and scapula |
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Compare and contrast compact and spongy bone. |
Compact- dense solid substance that gives the bone great strength and rigidity and forms the outer shell of the bone and the diaphysis; contains yellow marrow in the medullary cavity Spongy- lightweight, porous tissue that consists of an intricate network of tiny struts and girders that is porous but rigid; located in the epiphyses of the bone it allows the bone to be much lighter in weight; contains red marrow |
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What are the two kinds of bone marrow? Where they located? What is their function? |
Red Bone Marrow- located in the spongy bone in the epiphysis and its function is to make blood cells Yellow Bone Marrow- located in compact bone in the Diaphysis in the medullary cavity and its function is to store fat |
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How do osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together to maintain the skeleton? |
Osteoclasts constantly move through the bones and break down the bone to make room for new bone. As they move they carve tiny tunnels (haversian canals) lengthwise through the bone to make a way for osteoblasts to come through and construct new bone. This process maintains the strength of the bones. |
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What vitamins and minerals are necessary for proper bone growth and development? |
calcium, phosphorus, and vitamins A,D, and C |
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What effect does physical exercise have on bone strength? |
Wolff's Law- bones adjust their shapes to the physical stress placed upon them. *bones get stronger the more you exercise |
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Why is a compound fracture more serious than a simple fracture? |
A simple fracture is a break where the bone does not pierce through the skin but in a compound fracture does pierce through the skin. Naturally, a compound fracture causes more problems because heavy bleeding can occur and the wound could become infected if not treated carefully. |
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Essay: Explain the process bones undergo to heal. |
When a bone is broken the blood vessels burst and bleeding occurs. To repair the bone, first this bleeding of the blood vessels is stopped by blood clots and new blood vessels begin to form. Next the bone works outward from the new blood vessels to form a mass of cartilage that eventually spans the break and the osteoclasts absorb remaining bone fragments. Then osteoblasts replace the cartilage with spongy bone, connecting the broken ends more firmly. Finally, osteoclasts and osteoblasts replace spongy bone with compact bone, restoring the bone to its original shape. Now the bone is actually stronger than it was before the break. |
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What is collagen in bones? |
tough resilient reinforcing protein that strongly bind bone tissue together; framework upon which the hard part of the bone is placed |
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Be able to label the following on a drawing of a bone: -diaphysis -periosteum -epiphysis -medullary cavity -epiphysis disks -yellow bone marrow -compact bone -spongy bone -cartilage |
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What happens in each of these diseases? -osteoarthritis - rheumatoid arthritis -rickets |
Osteoarthritis- effects may range from occasional mild joint discomfort to severe pain and stiffness which is caused by years of wear and tear on a joint that cause the articular cartilage to deteriorate.
rheumatoid arthritis- occurs when the body's immune system attacks the tissues of a joint rickets-caused by vitamin D deficiency, characterized by imperfect calcification, softening, and distortion of the bones typically resulting in bow legs. |
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List the three general categories of joints in the body. |
1. immovable 2. slightly movable 3. freely movable |
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List the six types of freely movable joints. (be able to identify the joints of the body in a matching/MC format for the test) |
1.hinge (knee, middle and tops of fingers) 2. ellipsoid (phalanges at metacarpals(lower finger)) 3. gliding (carpals) 4. saddle (thumb to carpal) 5. pivot (radius at elbow) 6. ball and socket (hip, shoulder) |
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What are ligaments? |
strong bands of connective tissue that join the bones together |
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How many muscles are in the human body? |
over 600 |
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What are three types of muscle? |
1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth |
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Which muscle types are striated? |
Skeletal and cardiac |
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Which muscle types are voluntary? |
Skeletal |
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What are intercalated disks? In which muscle tissue can they be found? What is their function? |
special connectors in cardiac muscle that speed electrical impulses |
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Name two muscle proteins in all muscle cells. |
1. Actin 2. Miosin |
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Which muscle type has many nuclei per cell? Why? |
skeletal because it has long cells and more proteins |
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What are four functions of the muscular system? |
1. transports blood 2. maintain body temperature 3. hold the body upright to maintain posture 4. allows the body to move to do activities |
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What is a sarcomere? |
It is the functional unit of a muscle |
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What ONE action to muscles perform? |
they contract |
