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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two forms of energy
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Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy
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Thermodynamics
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Study of energy transformations
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First law of thermodynamics
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Energy can not be created or destroyed
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Energy transformations increase the overall disorder of the universe
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Entropy
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Amount of disorder
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What do chemical reactions do?
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Store or release energy
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Endergonic reactions
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require energy input
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Exergonic Reactions
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Give off energy
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Cellular respiration
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Controlled breakdown of glucose to form ATP
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Cellular metabolism
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The sum of all controlled chemical reactions in cells
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What does ATP shuttle within the cell?
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Energy
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What is ATP?
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Adenosine triphosphate
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Where is the energy stored in ATP?
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Between the P bonds of the ATP molecule
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How does ATP release energy?
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Breaks P bonds
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What does ATP become after it breaks off a P bond?
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ADP= Adenosine diphosphate
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How do cells control chemical reactions?
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Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.
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How do Enzymes promote chemical reactions?
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They lower the energy of activation
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Enzyme inhibitors
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Energy coupling
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Energy from exergonic are used to drive endergonic reactions
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Efficiency of energy use
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ratio of energy actually used to the total amount available at start
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What efficency do cells have?
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40%
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Can cells access all of the energy of glucose?
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No they must harvest it in small steps
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Glycolysis
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anaerobic
Glucose breakdown into pyruvic acid Occurs in cell cytoplasm |
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Krebs Cycle
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aerobic
Further breaksown of pyruvic acid derivative occurs in mitochondria |
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Electron transport chain
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anaerobic
In mitochondria |
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What does Glycolysis start with?
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1 molecule of glucose
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How many intermediate steps are in glycolysis?
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9
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How many steps of glycolysis are endergonic and how many are exergonic?
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4 are endergonic and 5 are exergonic
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What does Glycolysis end with?
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2 molecules of ATP
2 molecules of NADH 2 molecules of pyruvic acid |
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What happens to the pyruvic acid from glycolysis?
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2 molecules of pyruvic acid from glycolysis break down further in the mitochondria and the energy is then harvested in krebs cycle
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Who is Krebs cycle named after?
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Hans Krebs
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What does Krebs cycle start with?
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2 molecules of pyruvic acid derivative (Acetyl CoA)
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How many intermediate steps does Krebs cycle have?
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5
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What does Krebs Cycle end with?
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2 ATPs
6 NADH 2 FADH |
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Krebs Cycle Diagram
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Electron transport chain
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Last step of cellular respiration
occurs in mitochondria Starts with: NADH FADH2 Ends with: 32-34 ATPs |
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Chemiosmosis
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Major mechanism of ATP production
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Anaerobic metabolism
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metabolism without oxygen. involves fermentation
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Fermentation produces
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alcohol
lactic acids |
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Polysaccharides are broken into what?
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Glucose
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What makes glucose in plants and animals?
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Starch in plants
Glycogen in animals |
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What are fats broken down into?
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glycerol and fatty acids
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What are proteins broken down into?
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amino acids
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Biosynthesis
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making of new organic molecules
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