Biology Chapter 6 Function/description Of Organelles

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spherical body conataining many organelles: including the nucleolus controls many functions of the cell and contains DNA. surrounded by nuclear membrane

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nucleus

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double membrane enclosing the nucleus, perforated by pores, continuoeus with ER

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nuclear envelope

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net-like array of protein filaments that maintain the shape of the nucleus

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nuclear lamina

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threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. each_____ consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.

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chromosomes

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matrial consisting of DNA and proteins; visible as individual chromosomes in dividing cell

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chromatin

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specialized structure in the nucleus; formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes

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nucleolus

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nonmembraneous organelles that make proteins; free in cytoplasm or bound to rough ER or nuclear enevelope

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ribosomes

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protein synthesis occurs..free to move in cytosol

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free ribosomes

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attached to ER and serve as site for protein synthesis

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attached(bound) ribosomes

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collection of membranes inside and around eukaryotic cell, related through either direct physical contact or by the the transfer of membraneous vesicles

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endomembrane system

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sac made of membrane inside of cells

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vesicles

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network of membraneuos sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metbolic processes; has rough and smooth regions

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ER, endoplasmic reticulum

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portion of the ER that is free of ribosomes

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smooth ER

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portion of the ER that is studded with ribosomes

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rough ER

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protein covalently attached to a carb

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glycoprotein

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organelle in the eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membrane sacs that modify, store, and route products to the endoplasmic reticulum.

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golgi apparatus

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membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eurkaryotic cells

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lysosome

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membraneous sac that helps more excess water out of certain cells

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contractile vacuole

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organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as site of cellular respiration

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mitochrondria

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organeele found only in plants and photosynthic protists that absorbs sunlights and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compunds from carbon dioxide and water

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chloroplasts

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microbody contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, prioducing then degrading hydrogen peroxide

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peroxisome

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enfolding of the inner membrane of a mitochrondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthsis of ATP

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cristae

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compartment of the mitcochrondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substraes for the krebs cycle

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mitchondrial matrix

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one of a family of closly related plant organelles that inclusdes chloroplast, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts

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plastid

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flattened membrane sac inside the cholorplasts, used to convert light energy to chemical energy

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thylakoid

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stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chlorplasts.____function in the light reactions of photosynthesis

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grana

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the fluid of the chloroplasts surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involded in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water

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stroma

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network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filamaents that branch throughout thye cytoplasm and serve a varity of mechanical and transport functions.

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cytoskeleton

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matrial present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells important during cell division the microtube organizing center

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centrosome

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structure in animal cell composed of cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern. animal cell usually has a pair of________ involded in cell divison.

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centriole

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short cellular appendage specilized in locomaotion, formed from a core of 9 outer double and microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma memebrane

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cilia

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lonf cellular appendage specialixed for locomtion. flaggella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function

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falgella

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solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of alkmost all eukaryotic cells making apart of the cytoskelton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction

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microfilaments

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cellular extenstion of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding

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pseudopdia

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globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helicial, about each other forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells

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actin

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type of protein filament that interacts with actin filmaents to cause cell cintraction

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myosin

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type of endocytosis involving large particulate substances accomplish mainly by macrophages, nuetrafils, and dendritic cells

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phagocytosis

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circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distrabutrion of materials within cells

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cytoplasmic streaming

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component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments

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intermediate filaments

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protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protisits. in plant cells, wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccahride-protein matrix. primary cell wall=thin. secondary cell wall=thicker

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cell wall

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ubstance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consistin of protein and polysacchrides

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ECM, extracellular matrix

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open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell

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plasmodesmata

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type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells

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tight junctions

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type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as an anchor

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desmosomes

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type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of materials or current between cells

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gap junctions

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membraneous sac formed by pgagocytosis

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food vacuole

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membraneous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development

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central vacuole

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hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and cytoskeleton

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microtubules