Biology Chapter 6 - Energy And Metabolism

Front 1

thermodynamics

Back 1

the branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes

Front 2

energy

Back 2

the capacity to do work

Front 3

kinetic energy

Back 3

the energy of motion

Front 4

potential energy

Back 4

stored energy

Front 5

oxidation

Back 5

process where atom or element loses an electron

Front 6

reduction

Back 6

process where atom or element gains an electron

Front 7

redox reactions

Back 7

reactions in which in which oxidation and reduction take place.

Front 8

first law of thermodynamics

Back 8

energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change from one form to another

Front 9

heat

Back 9

measure of the random motion of moledules

Front 10

second law of thermodynamics

Back 10

entropy is continuously increasing

Front 11

entropy

Back 11

disorder in the universe

Front 12

free energy

Back 12

energy available to do work in any system

Front 13

enthalpy

Back 13

energy contained in a molecules chmical bonds

Front 14

endergonic

Back 14

reaction that requires input of energy

Front 15

exergonic

Back 15

reaction that release excess free energy as heat

Front 16

activation energy

Back 16

the extra energy neeeded to destabilize existing chemical bonds and initiate a chemical reaction

Front 17

catalysis

Back 17

the process of influencing chemical bonds in a way that lowers the activation energy needed to initaiate a reaction

Front 18

ATP

Back 18

a nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphated groups; energy currency of cellualr metabolism in all organisms

Front 19

substrates

Back 19

the molecules that will undergo the reaction

Front 20

active sites

Back 20

the pockets or clefts in enzymes

Front 21

enzyme substrate complex

Back 21

when substrates bind to the enzyme at these active sites

Front 22

inhibitor

Back 22

a substance that binds to an ezyme that decreases its activity

Front 23

competitive inhibitors

Back 23

compete with the substrate for the same active site, occupying the active site preventing substrates from binding

Front 24

noncompetitive inhibitorys

Back 24

bind to the enzyme in a location other than active site, changing the shape of the enzyme and making it unable to bind to the substrate

Front 25

allosteric enzymes

Back 25

can exist in either an active or inactive conformation

Front 26

allosteric site

Back 26

portion of enzyme that most noncompetitive inhibitors bind to

Front 27

allosteric inhibitor

Back 27

a stubstance that binds to an allosteric site and sreduces enzyme activity

Front 28

allosteric activator

Back 28

binds to allosteric sites to keep an enxyme in its active configurations, thereby increasing enzyme activity

Front 29

cofactors

Back 29

additional chemical components that are in enzyme function

Front 30

metabolism

Back 30

the total of all chemcial reactions carried out by an organism

Front 31

anabolism

Back 31

chemcial reactions that expend energy to make or transform chemcial bonds

Front 32

catabolism

Back 32

reactions that harvest energy when chemical bonds are broken

Front 33

biochemical pathways

Back 33

sequences in whcih the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next;organizational units for metabolism