Biology Chapter 6

Front 1

• Cell Wall

Back 1

o Composes stiff fibers of cellulose and other complex carbohydrates
o protects and supports cell
o Only in plant cells

Front 2

Flagella

Back 2

o Long whip-like extensions made of proteins that rotate
o Enables cells to swim through water or body fluids
o Swimming bacteria can sense substance in the environment
o Swim towards food and away from harmful substance
o Only in prokaryotic cells

Front 3

Plasma Membrane

Back 3

o Two lipid layers
o Surface and imbedded proteins have attached carbohydrates
o Semi-fluid cell boundary
o Selectively permeable

Front 4

Nucleus

Back 4

o Control center of the cell
o Contains most of the cells genetic information and DNA
o Condenses to form chromosomes during mitosis
o One or more drops of concentrated DNA or RNA is visible in the nucleus and it’s called nucleoli

Front 5

Nucleoli

Back 5

• Nucleoli
o Sites where types of RNA will become part of the cells, proteins synthesizing machinery is synthesized

Front 6

Cytoplasm

Back 6

o Simple solution of salts and organic compounds in water
o Organelles float in the solution also known as cytosol
o Protein rich semifluid material
o Also called cytosol
o Contains enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions

Front 7

Cytoskeleton

Back 7

o A network of very fine protein fibers help shape the cell and provide shape
o Changing in proteins scaffolding can also enable some cells to move or change shape
o The backs of the cytoskeleton provide shape, internal organization and organelle movement

Front 8

Lysosome

Back 8

o Site of intercellular digestion
o Form by budding of Golgi apparatus
o fuses the vesicle that particles

Front 9

Centrioles

Back 9

o Tubular structures formed from microtubules
o Occur in pairs during interphases
o Duplicate prior to mitosis and formed organizing centers for mitotic spindals in protist and animal cells

Front 10

Mitochondria

Back 10

o Inclosed in double membrane and intermembrane is folded
o Most reactions in cellular reactions occur in mitochondria
o Contains small amounts of dna and rna
o Maybe several hundred per cell

Front 11

• Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 11

o Tubular part of the membrane that compartmentalizes cytosol
o Plays central role in biosynthesis
o Rough ER has ribosomes this is the site of protein synthesis
o Smooth ER does not have ribosomes

Front 12

• Golgi Apparatus

Back 12

o A system of flatten sacs that modifies, sorts, and packages macromolecules and vesicles for secretion or delivery to other organelles

Front 13

• Vacuole

Back 13

o Large vesicle contained in single membrane
o May occupy up to 50% of the plant cells
o Contains water and digestive enzymes
o Stores nutrients and waste products

Front 14

• Chloroplast]

Back 14

o Enclosed in double membrane
o Forms thylakoids in which light absorbing pigments are imbedded
o All reactions of photosynthesis occur in chloroplast

Front 15

Biological Levels of Organization

Back 15

Biological Levels of Organization
• Organism
• Organ System
• Organ
Tissue
• Cell

Front 16

Prokaryotes

Back 16

bacteria and the simplest living cells, are everywhere common in air, soil, and water, Nearly always uni-cellular organism some prokaryotes inhabit extreme environments such as salt flats, others are super adaptable. Very small.

Front 17

Eukaryotes

Back 17

larger than prokaryotes, and more complex. They can form multicellular organism: plants, animals, and fungi. They have many specific parts, each with a specialized function.

Front 18

Why are systems necessary in complex multicellular organisms?

Back 18

Why are systems necessary in complex multicellular organisms?
1. Division of labor occurs among many cells
2. Many individual cells cannot work together without regulation and coordination
3. Most cells are not indirect contact with the outside environment