Biology Chapter 6

Front 1

What are the fundamental themes in biology?

Back 1

structure = function
cells respond to their environment.

Front 2

Who invented microscopy?

Back 2

Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

Front 3

Magnification

Back 3

ratio of an objects image size to its real size.

Front 4

Resolution

Back 4

measure of the clarity of the image.

Front 5

What wavelengths have better resolution?

Back 5

shorter wavelengths.

Front 6

Scanning electron microscopes

Back 6

focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen; provides 3D image.

Front 7

Transmission electron microscopes

Back 7

focus a beam of electrons through a specimen; flat, internal plane from cell.

Front 8

Why are electron microscopes better?

Back 8

electrons have shorter wavelength and therefore better resolution.

Front 9

What do all cells have in common?

Back 9

plasma membrane, cytosol, genetic info, ribosomes.

Front 10

Prokaryotes

Back 10

no nucleus, cell wall, no membrane bound organelles, smaller, simple.

Front 11

Eukaryotes

Back 11

nucleus, no cell wall, membrane bound orgs, bigger, complex.

Front 12

Eubacteria Kingdom:

Back 12

bacteria, cyanobacteria.

Front 13

Arachaebacteria Kingdom

Back 13

animalia, fungi, plantae, protista.

Front 14

What sets limits on the size of a cell?

Back 14

logistics of cellular metabolism. cell can only grow to the extent that it can support itself.

Front 15

Does volume or surface area increase more?

Back 15

Volume; smaller object has a greater surface-to-volume ratio than a larger object.

Front 16

Plasma Membrane

Back 16

selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, waste to service the volume of cell.

Front 17

What increases surface area on a cell?

Back 17

microvilli.

Front 18

Nucleus

Back 18

contains DNA.

Front 19

Nuclear Envelope

Back 19

encloses the nucleus, seperating it from cytoplasm.

Front 20

Nuclear Lamina

Back 20

lines inside of nuclear membrane.

Front 21

Nuclear Matrix

Back 21

framework of fibers extends throughout the nuclear interior.

Front 22

Chromosomes

Back 22

DNA in discrete units.

Front 23

Chromatin

Back 23

complex of proteins and DNA coiled together.

Front 24

Nucleolus

Back 24

dense center of nucleus; synthesis of rRNA. rRNA assembled into large and small subunits.

Front 25

Ribosomes

Back 25

Make proteins using directions from DNA; made of rRNA and protein.

Front 26

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 26

2 distinct regions: smooth ER w/ no ribosomes; and rough ER w/ ribosomes attached; continuous with the nuclear envelope.

Front 27

Smooth ER

Back 27

synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, store calcium(muscles), detoxifies drugs(liver).

Front 28

Rough ER

Back 28

produce secreted glycoproteins to leave the cell; polypeptides distributed by vesicles.

Front 29

Golgi Apparatus

Back 29

polar membrane, differs in thickness and molecular composition; manufactures polysaccharides, directs vesicles to proper sites, modifies glycoproteins.

Front 30

Lysosomes

Back 30

membrane sac, holds hydrolitic enzymes, acidic; breakdown proteins, carbs, fats, nucleic acids. (phagocytosis)

Front 31

How do lysosomes work?

Back 31

engulf smaller organisms and break it down in acidic environment; breaks down into monomers.

Front 32

Macrophage

Back 32

immune cell, ingests microorganisms.

Front 33

Autophagy

Back 33

recycle organelles and macromolecules; membranes fuse and enzymes break it down to return to cytosol for reuse by the cell.

Front 34

Tay-Sachs Disease

Back 34

rare genetic mutation, lack hydrolytic enzymes to break down lipids; build in lysosomes and accumulation of fat impaires brain.

Front 35

Vacuoles

Back 35

large vesicles-membrane bound sacs.

Front 36

Food Vacuole

Back 36

formed by phagocytosis, fuses w/ lyso.

Front 37

Contractile Vacuole

Back 37

pump xcess water out of cell to maintain salt concentration, protists.

Front 38

Central Vacuole

Back 38

only in plants and effect plant size as it absorbs water.

Front 39

Mitochondria

Back 39

sites of cellular respiration = ATP.
Ribosomes and DNA within; have folds on inside to increase surface area.

Front 40

Respiration

Back 40

metabolic process generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars & fats, using oxygen.

Front 41

Chloroplasts

Back 41

organelle called a plastid, contain chlorophyll green pigment and enzymes for photosynthesis. replicate themselves.

Front 42

Thylakoids

Back 42

membranous sacs within a chloroplast; site of light rxns in photosynthesis.

Front 43

Stroma

Back 43

internal fluid of chloroplast; contains ribosomes and DNA.

Front 44

Peroxisomes

Back 44

produce hydrogen peroxide and use special enzymes (peroxidase) to convert it to water; use oxygen to catabolize fatty acids.

Front 45

Motility

Back 45

cell movement and parts within the cell.

Front 46

Components of cytoskeleton

Back 46

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments.

Front 47

Microtubules

Back 47

maintain cell shape, cell motility, seperate chromosome, organelle movement.

Front 48

Centrosomes

Back 48

Region near the nucleus, microtubule-organizing center.

Front 49

Dynein

Back 49

motor protein drives the bending movements;

Front 50

Actin Filaments

Back 50

muscles.

Front 51

Intermediate Filaments

Back 51

class of cytoskeletal fibers, made of keratin proteins, dont unassemble; affects shape and organelle position, makes up nuclear lamina.

Front 52

Primary cell wall

Back 52

thin and flexible.

Front 53

What covers animal cells?

Back 53

extracellular matrix(ECM).

Front 54

ECM

Back 54

made of glycoproteins(collagen); connected to cell by fibronectin.

Front 55

ECM Functions

Back 55

Support, adhesion, movement.

Front 56

How do neighboring cells communicate?

Back 56

by direct physical contact.

Front 57

Desmosomes

Back 57

fasten cells together into strong sheets.

Front 58

Gap Junctions

Back 58

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells.

Front 59

Cis face

Back 59

receives vesicles from ER.

Front 60

Trans face

Back 60

sends vesicles out to other sites in cell.

Front 61

How does a golgi apparatus sort a vesicle?

Back 61

puts external receptor that recognizes certain docking sites on specific cells.

Front 62

What chemical does peroxisomes produce?

Back 62

hydrogen peroxide.

Front 63

Cytoskeleton

Back 63

network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm; supports cell and maintains shape, very strong, anchorage for organelles, quickly dismantled and reassembled, motility.

Front 64

What travel along microtubules?

Back 64

vesicles and organelles.

Front 65

Centriole

Back 65

within a centrosome, each w 9 triplets of microtubules in a ring.

Front 66

What do microtubules control?

Back 66

the beating of cilia and flagella.

Front 67

Basal body

Back 67

anchors the cilia and flagellum.

Front 68

What connects microtubule doublets in cilia and flagellum?

Back 68

dynein protein.

Front 69

Microfilaments

Back 69

actin filaments; linear. maintain cell shape, muscle contraction, cell division, cell motility.

Front 70

Myosin

Back 70

thicker filaments parallel w/ actin.

Front 71

Muscle contraction

Back 71

myosin and actin sliding past each other.

Front 72

Plasmodesmata

Back 72

chanels between adjacent plant cells; unify most of plant into one living continuum as cytosol seeps through and connects environments.

Front 73

Proteoglycan network

Back 73

small core protein with many carbohydrates chains covalently attached.

Front 74

Tight Junctions

Back 74

membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid.

Front 75

Cisternae

Back 75

large membrane folds of the golgi apparatus.

Front 76

Endomembrane system

Back 76

vacuoles, lysosomes, plasma membrane, golgi apparatus, ER, nuclear envelope. components are either continuous or connected by transport vesicles.

Front 77

Cilia and Flagella

Back 77

A core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane.