Biology Chapter 4 Vocab

Front 1

Active Transport

Back 1

Use of a plasma membrane carrier protein to move a substance into or out of a cell from lower to higher concentration. Movement of a molecule or ion from a region of lower concentration.

Front 2

Carrier Protein

Back 2

Protein that combines with and transports a molecule or ion across the plasma membrane

Front 3

Cell Recognition Protein

Back 3

Glycoprotein that helps the body defend itself against pathogens

Front 4

Channel protein

Back 4

Forms a channel to allow a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane.

Front 5

concentration gradient

Back 5

Gradual change in chemical concentration from one point to another.

Front 6

crenation

Back 6

The shriveling of an animal cell in a hypertonic solution due to osmosis.

Front 7

cytolysis

Back 7

Disruption or bursting of a cell, can be in response to osmosis in a hypotonic solution.

Front 8

differentially permeable

Back 8

Ability of plasma membranes to regulate the passage of substances into and out of the cell, allowing some to pass through and preventing the passage of others, sometimes called selectively permeable

Front 9

diffusion

Back 9

Movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration, it requires no energy and stops when the distribution is equal.

Front 10

endocytosis

Back 10

Process by which substances are moved into the cell from the environment by phagocytosis or pinocytosis, includes receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 11

Enzymatic protein

Back 11

protein that catalyzes a specific reaction

Front 12

exocytosis

Back 12

Process in which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane so that the vesicle's contents are released outside of the cell.

Front 13

faciliated transport

Back 13

Use of a plasma membrane carrier to move a substance into or out of a cell from a higher to a lower concentration, no energy required.

Front 14

fluid-mosaic model

Back 14

Model of the plasma membrane based on the changing location and pattern of protein molecules in a fluid phospholipid bilayer.

Front 15

glycolipid

Back 15

Lipid in plasma membranes that bears a carbohydrate chain attached to a hydrophobic tail.

Front 16

glycoprotein

Back 16

Protein in plasma membranes that bears a carbohydrate chain

Front 17

hypertonic solution

Back 17

Higher solute concentration than the cell, causes cell to lose water by osmosis

Front 18

hypotonic solution

Back 18

Lower solute concentration than the cytosol of a cell, causes cell to gain water by osmosis

Front 19

isotonic solution

Back 19

Solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell, causes cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis

Front 20

osmosis

Back 20

Diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane.

Front 21

osmotic pressure

Back 21

Measure of the tendency of water to move across a differentially permeable membrane, visible as an increase in liquid on the side of the membrane with higher solute concentration

Front 22

phagocytosis

Back 22

Process by which amoeboid cells engulf large substances forming an intracellular vacuole

Front 23

pinocytosis

Back 23

Process by which vesicle formation brings macromolecules into the cell

Front 24

plasmolysis

Back 24

Concentration of the cell contents due to the loss of water

Front 25

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 25

Selective uptake of molecules into a cell by vacuole formation after they bind to specific receptor proteins in the plasma membrane

Front 26

receptor protein

Back 26

Protein in the plasma membrane or within the cell that binds to a substance that alters some metabolic aspect of the cell

Front 27

sodium-potassium pump

Back 27

Carrier protein in the plasma membrane that moves sodium ions out of an potassium ions into cells, important in nerve and muscle cells

Front 28

solvent

Back 28

Fluid, such as water, that dissolves solutes

Front 29

turgor pressure

Back 29

In plant cells, pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall when the central vacuole is full.