Biology Chapter 4: The Eukaryotic Cell, Intercellular Communication, And The Paracrine System

Front 1

Nucleus

Back 1

The organelle which contains nearly all of the DNA in an animal cell.

Front 2

Nuclear Envelope or Membrane

Back 2

A double phospholipid bilayer surrounding the nucleus.

Front 3

Nuclear Pores

Back 3

Large holes in the nuclear membrane through which RNA can travel, but DNA cannot.

Front 4

Nucleolus

Back 4

An area within the nucleus where rRNA is transcribed and the subunits of the ribosomes are assembled.

Front 5

Endocytosis

Back 5

A generalized method for acquiring substances from the extracellular environment.

Front 6

Phagocytosis

Back 6

A process where the cell membrane protrudes outward to envelope and engulf particles from the extracellular environment.

Performed by specialized cells, initiated by protein binding.

Front 7

Pinocytosis

Back 7

A process where the cell membrane protrudes outward to envelope and engulf fluids from outside of the cell.

Performed by most cells in a random, nonselective fashion.

Front 8

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Back 8

The specific uptake of macromolecules such as hormones and nutrients by the cell.

Front 9

Exocytosis

Back 9

The reverse of endocytosis.

Front 10

Cytosol

Back 10

The aqueous solution inside of the cell.

Front 11

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

Back 11

The portion of the ER lumen containing ribosomes.

Front 12

Golgi Apparatus/Complex

Back 12

A series of flattened, membrane bound sacs that serves to organize and concentrate proteins after they are synthesized in the rough ER or other ribosomes.

Front 13

Secretory Vesicles

Back 13

Protein filled vesicles that are expelled from the cell.

Front 14

Lysosomes

Back 14

A membrane-bound eukaryotic organelle used for digesting macromolecules. Contain an acidic pH around 5.

Front 15

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 15

An organelle continuous with the cell membrane used for protein transport.

Front 16

Smooth ER

Back 16

An organelle that contains glucose-6-phosphatase, produces triglycerides, is responsible for cholesterol formation and conversion into various steroids, the synthesis of phospholipids, and the oxidation of foreign substances, detoxyifying drugs, pesticides, toxins, and pollutants.

Front 17

Peroxisome

Back 17

Self-replicating vesicles inside of the cytosol involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. They also inactivate toxins, regulate oxygen concentration, play a role in the synthesis and breakdown of lipids and the metabolism of nitrogenous bases and carbohydrates.

Front 18

Cytoskeleton

Back 18

A network of filaments that determines the structure and motility of a cell.

Front 19

Microtubules

Back 19

Large components of the cytoskeleton.

Made of tubulin, grows away from the centrosome.

Make up mitotic spindle in mitosis. Also make up flagella and cilia.

Front 20

Microfilaments

Back 20

Smaller components of the cytoskeleton.

Made of actin.

Produce muscle contraction, are active in cytoplasmic streaming, phagocytosis, and microvilli movement.

Front 21

Flagella

Back 21

A specialized structure made from microtubules that moves fluid away from the cell to move the cell.

Front 22

Cilia

Back 22

A specialized structure composed from microtubules that has a whip-like action to move the cell.

Front 23

Axoneme

Back 23

The major portion of each flagellum and cilium containing nine pairs of microtubules around two lone microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement.

Front 24

Dynein

Back 24

A protein that connects each outer pair of microtubules to their neighbor int he 9+2 arrangement for cilia and flagella.

Front 25

Cytoplasmic Streaming

Back 25

The movement of the fluid substance within a cell (responsible for amoeba-like movement).

Front 26

Keratin

Back 26

An intermediate filament found in epithelial cells associated with the hair and skin.

Front 27

Intermediate Filaments

Back 27

A class of cellular filaments larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules that act as structural support for the cell.

Front 28

Tight Junctions

Back 28

A junction that forms a water tight seal around cells to prevent water, ions, and other molecules from moving around and past cells.

Front 29

Desmosomes

Back 29

A type of junction that joins two cells at a single point. Found in tissues that experience a lot of stress.

Front 30

Gap junctions

Back 30

A type of junction consisting of small tunnels connecting cells. They allow small molecules and ions to move between cells.

Front 31

Mitochondria

Back 31

The powerhouse organelle of the eukaryotic cell.

Front 32

Endosymbiont Theory

Back 32

A theory that describes mitochondria developing from a symbiotic relationship between ancient prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Front 33

Mitochondrial Inner Membrane

Back 33

The location of the ETC, invaginates to form cristae.

Front 34

Intermembrane Space of Mitochondria

Back 34

The space between the inner and outer membrane of the mitochondria.

Front 35

Neurotransmitters

Back 35

A molecule of intercellular communication released by the nervous system that travels rapidly, is direct and specific, and travels short distances.

Front 36

Local Mediators

Back 36

Molecules of intercellular communication released by the paracrine system that travel medium distances.

Front 37

Hormones

Back 37

Molecules of intercellular communication that are released by the endocrine system that travel long distances, are slower, and have a large-spread effect, affecting many cells and tissues.

Front 38

Interstitial Fluid

Back 38

The fluid between cells.

Front 39

Prostaglandins

Back 39

Fatty acid derivative local mediators affecting smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation, inflammation, and other reactions.

Aspirin inhibits these.