Biology Chapter 4

Front 1

light microscope (LM)

Back 1

visible light is passed through a specimen

1000x magnification 2um distance of resolution

Front 2

Electron Microscope (EM)

Back 2

focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface. 100,000x magnification 2nm

Front 3

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Back 3

Uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a cell or other sample, which is usually coated with a thin film of gold. The beam excites electrons on the surface, and these electrons are then detected by a device that translates their pattern into an image projected onto a video screen.

Front 4

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Back 4

used to study the details of internal cell structure. Aims an electron beam through a very thin section of a specimen, just as a light microscope aims a beam of light through a specimen. The section is stained with atoms of heavy metals, which attach to certain cellular structures more than others. Electrons are scattered by these more dense parts, and the image is created by the pattern of transmitted electrons.

Front 5

Size scale

Back 5

Front 6

Plasma Membrane

Back 6

Forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings. It would take a stack of more than 8,000 plasma membranes to equal the thickness of a thin piece of paper

Front 7

cytosol

Back 7

jelly like fluid in which cellular components of the cell are suspended

Front 8

Chromosomes

Back 8

all cells have one or more chromosomes, which carry genes made of DNA

Front 9

Ribosomes

Back 9

tiny structure that make proteins according to instructions from the genes.

Front 10

cytoplasm

Back 10

the inside of cells

Front 11

Fimbriae

Back 11

attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

Front 12

Nucleoid

Back 12

region where the cell's DNA is located (not enclosed by a membrane)

Front 13

Cell Wall

Back 13

rigid structure outside the plasma membrane

Front 14

Capsule

Back 14

Jellylike outer coating of many prokaryotes

Front 15

Flagella

Back 15

Locomotion of some bacteria

Front 16

Bacterial Ribosomes

Back 16

Prokaryotic ribosomes differ somewhat from those of eukaryotic ribosomes. These molecular differences are the basis for the action of some antibiotics, such as Tetracycline and Streptomycin. Stops protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells.

Front 17

Cell Wall

Back 17

Protects the prokaryotic cell and helps it maintain its shape. Some antibiotics, such as Penicillin, prevent the formationof theseprotective walls.

Front 18

Organelles

Back 18

(little organs)

Front 19

Function of Nucleus and Ribosomes

Back 19

carry out the genetic control of the cell

Front 20

Function of Endoplasm Reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes

Back 20

involved in the manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules

Front 21

Function of Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells

Back 21

Function in energy processing

Front 22

Functions of the Cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and plant cell wall.

Back 22

structural support, movement, and communication between cells

Front 23

Cellular metabolism

Back 23

Many of the chemical activities of the cells. Many of the enzymes essential for metabolic processes are built into the membranes of organelles

Front 24

Organelles found in animal cells, but not plant cells

Back 24

Lysosomes, centrosomes, and flagella or cilia

Front 25

Plasmodesmata

Back 25

cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect adjacent cells.