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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Identify and describe the three major components of a cell: basic structure and function
Plasma membrane |
Plasma membrane is the membrane that encloses the cytoplasm forms the outer boundary of the cell
Structure: phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins Function: serves as the boundary of the cell. The protein and carbohydrate molecules on the outer surface perform various functions Example: they serve as markers that identify cells of each individual or eyes receptor molecules for certain hormones |
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Identify and describe the three major components of a cell: basic structure and function
Cytoplasm |
Cytoplasm is internal living material of cells. It lies between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Structure: has fluid that serves as an interior environment of each cell. Made up a smaller structures called organelles Function: they function just as organs funtion for the body |
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Identify and describe the three major components of a cell: basic structure and function
Nucleus |
Nucleus is double membraned, spheical envelope containing DNA strands the center of a cell
Structure: is just a small sphere in the central portion of the cell Function: control cells because it contains the genetic code which in turn determine cell structure and function. Control of the complex organelle. |
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Identify the organelles in cytoplasm and their functions: Ribosomes
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Ribosomes
Structure: tiny particles each made up of RNA subunits Function: synthesize proteins, a cells protein factories |
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Identify the organelles in cytoplasm and their functions: Endoplasmic
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Endoplasmic
Structure: membranous network of interconnected canals and sacs, some with ribosomes attached (rough ER) and some without attachments (smooth ER) Function: Rought ER recieves abf transports reticulum (ER) synthesized proteins (from ribosomes) smooth ER synthesized lipids and (rough ER) and some certain carbohydrates |
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Identify the organelles in cytoplasm and their functions: Golgi apparatus
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Golgi apparatus
Structure: stack of flattened, membranous sacs Function: chemically process then packages substance from the ER |
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Identify the organelles in cytoplasm and their functions: Mitochondria
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Mitochondria
Structure: membranous capsule containing a large folded membrane encrusted with enzymes Function: ATP synthesis a cells powerhouse |
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Identify the organelles in cytoplasm and their functions: Lysosomes
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Lysosomes
Structure: Bubbles of enzymes encased by membrane Function: a cells digestive system |
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Identify the organelles in cytoplasm and their functions: Centrioles
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Centrioles
Structure: pair of hollow cylinders each made up of tiny tubules Function: function in cell reproduction |
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Identify the organelles in cytoplasm and their functions: Cilia
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Cilia
Structure: short, hairlike eztensions on a surface of some cells Function: move substances over surface of the cell |
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Identify the organelles in cytoplasm and their functions: Flagella
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Flagella
Structure: single and much longer projection of some cells Function: the only example is himans is the tail of a sperm cell propelling the sperm through fluids |
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Mitosis
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Process in cell division that distributes identical chromosomes (DNA molecules) to each new cell formed when the original cell divides, enables cells to reproduce their own kind, makes heredity possible
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Stages of mitosis: Prophase
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First stage
Chromatin granules become organized Chromosomes (pair of linked chromatids) Centrioles move away from ok nucleus Nuclear envelope disappears freeing genetic material Spindle fibers appear |
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Stages of mitosis: Metaphase
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Second stage
Chromosomes align across center og cell Spindle fibers attach themselves to each chromatid |
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Stages of mitosis: Anaphase
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Third stage
Centromres break apark Separeted chromatids now called chromosomes Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of cells Cleavage furrow develops at the end of anaphase |
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Stages of mitosis: Telophase
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Fourth stage
Cell division is completed Nuclei appear in daughter cell Nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear Cytoplasm is divided (cytokineses) Daughter cells become fully functional |
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What is the importance of cellular reproduction
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During mitosis the cells divided to multiply one cell divides to form two cells
Cell reproduction is the transfer of heritable traits and is closely tied to the production of proteins |
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Describe the active molecular transport system that acts to move substance through cell membranes
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Active transport process occur only in living cells, movement of substance is up the concentration gradient, requires energy from ATP
Ion pumps An ion pump is protein complex in cell membrane Ion pumps use energy from ATP to move substances across cell membrane against their concentration gradients Example: sodium potassium and calcium pump Some ion pumps work with other carriers so that glucose or amino acids are transported along with ions Phagocytosis Phyagocytopsis is a protective mechanism often used to destroy bacteria Pinocytosis is used to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances in cells Both are active transport mechanism because they require cell energy |
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Describe the passive molecule transport system that acts to move substance through cell membrane
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Passive transport processes do not require added energy and result in movement down a concentration gradient
Diffusion Substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space It is unnecessary to add energy to the system Movement is from high to low concentration Osmosis and dialysis are specialized exaples of diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane Osmosis is diffusion of water (when some solutes cannot cross the membrane) Dialysis us diffusion of solutes Filration Movement of water and solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of membrane Responsible for urine formation |
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The shapes and arrangment of cells in the epithelial tissue
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Epithelial tissue Covers body and lines body cavities Cells packed closely together with little matrix Classified by shape of cells: Squamous (flat and scalelike) Cuboidal (cube shaped) Columnar (higher than they are wide) Transitional (varying shapes that can stretch) Classified by arrangement of cells: Simple (a single layer of cells of the same shape) Stratified (many layers of cells named for the shape of cells in the outer layer) |
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Types of epithelial tissue: Simple squamous
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Simple squamous:
Single layer of scalelike cells Transport (absorption) is function Located in alveoli of lungs and lining of blood and lymphatic vessels |
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Types of epithelial tissue: Stratified squamous
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Stratified squamous
Several layers of closely pack cells Protection is primary function Located at the surface of lining of mouth and esophagus |
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Types of epithelial tissue: Simple columnar
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Columnar cells arranged in a single layer
Lines stomach and intestines Contain mucus producing goblet cells Specialized for absorption |
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Types of epithelial tissue: Stratified transitional
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Statified transitional
Found in body areas that atretch, such as urinary bladder Up to 10 layers of roughly cuboidal shaped cells that distort to squamous shape when stretched |
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Types of epithelial tissue: Pseudostratified
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Pseudostratified
Each cell touches basement membrane Lines the trachea |
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Types of epithelial tissue: Simple cuboidal
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Simple cuboidal
Often specialized for secretory activity Cuboidal cells may be grouped into glands May secrete into ducts, directly into blood, and on body surface Example of secretion includes saliva, digestive juice and hormones Also forms the urine producing tubules of the kidney |
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Connective tissue
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Most abundant tissue in body
Most widely distributed tissue in body Multiple types, appearances, and functions Relatively few cells in intercellular matrix |
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Types of connective tissue: Areolar
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Areolar
Loose arrangement of fiber and cells Area between other tissues and organs Glue that holds organs together |
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Types of connective tissue: Adipose (fat)
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Adipose (fat)
Cells contain large fat compartments Lipids storage is primary function Used for protection, insulation, support, and nutrient reserve |
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Types of connective tissue: Fibrous
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Fibrous
Dense arrangements of collagen fiber bundles Flexible but strong connection Examples are tendons, ligaments, fascia, and scar tissue |
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Types of connective tissue: Bone
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Bone
Hard calcidied matrix arranged in osteons The entire skeleton For support and protection |
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Types of connective tissue: Cartilage
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Cartilage
Hard but flexible matrix with imbedded chondrocytes Located in part of the nose septum, area covering articlar surfaces of bones, laryns, rings in trachea and bronchi, disks between vertabrae and external ear Firm but flexible support |
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Types of connective tissue: Blood
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Blood
Luquid matrix with flowing red and white cells Located in the blood vessels For transportation |
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Types of connective tissue: Hemopoietic
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Hemopoietic
Liquid matrix with dense arrangements of blood cell producing cells Located in red bone marrow Used for blood cell formation |
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Types of muscle tissue: Skeletal
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Skeletal
Striated voluntary Long threadlike cells with multiple nucei and striations Muscels that attach to bones, eyeball muscles, and upper third of esophagus To maintain posture, movement of bones, eye movement, and first part of swallowing |
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Types of muscle tissue: Cardiac
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Cardiac
Strated involontary Branching, interconnected cylinders with faint striations Located in the wall of the heart Used for contraction of the heart |
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Types of muscle tissue: Smooth
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Smooth
Nonstriated involuntary or visceral Threadlike cells with single nuclei and no striations Located in walls of tubular viscera of digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts, walls of blood vessels and large lymphatic vessels, ducts of glands and intrinsic eye mussel iris and ciliary body and arrector mussels of hair Used for movement of substance along ducts, changing of diameter of pupils and shape of lens and erection of hair (goose pimples) |
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Nervous tissue
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Nervous cells with large cell bodies and thin fiberlike extension, supportive glial cells also presents
Locates in the brain, spinal cord and nervous Function is for rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions |
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Types of cells in the nervous tissue
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Cell types
Neutrons are conducting cells Glia (neuroglia) are supportive and connecting cells |
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About neutrons in the nervous tissue
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Neutrons cell components
cell body Axon (one) caries nerve impulse away from cell body Dendrites (one or more) carry nerve impulses toward the cell body |
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Transcription (protein synthesis)
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Double stranded DNA separates to form messager RNA or mRNA
Each strand of mRNA duplicates a particular gene (base pair sequence) from a segment of DNA mRNA molecules pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they direct protein synthesis in ribosomes and ER |
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Translation (protein synthesis)
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Involves synthesis of proteins in cytoplasm by ribosomes
Requires use if information contained in mRNA |
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Describe the structure of plasma membrane
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Plasma membrane is two layers of phospolipids and cholesterol
The phospolipids layers protect the plasma membrane and the cholesterol helps stabilize the phospolipids molecules to prevent breakage Studded witg proteins |
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List three functions of the plasma membrane
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Serves as the boundary of the cell
Keeps the cell whole and intact Keeps the fluids needed in the cell inside and the fluids that dont need to be in the cell outside |
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Give the function of the nucleolus
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The nucleolus is a dense region of the nuclear material that is critical in protein formation because it programs the formation of ribosomes in the nucleu
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Define gene
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Geme is a specific segment of base pairs in a chromosome (DNA molecule) each gene contains the genetic code for synthesizing a protein molecule such as an enzyme or hormone
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Define genome
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Entire set of chromosomes in a cell
The human genome refers to the entire sey of human chromosomes |
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What are two fatty based molecules that make up part of the structure of a plasma membrane
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Phospolipids and cholesterol
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What is organelle
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its a term that refers to small structures inside the cell, it means little organ
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What is active transport
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The movement of substances across a cell membrane using energy
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What is passive transport
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The moment of substances across the cell membrane without using cell energy
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What is pinocytosis
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Refers to the movement of fluids or dissolved molecules into the cell by trapping then in the plasma membrane
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What are the two nucleic acids that are involved in transcription
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DNA and RNA
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What is translation
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The proces in protein synthesis that forms the mRNA molecule
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What is a segment of base pairs in a chromosome
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Gene
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What is the total genetic information package in a cell
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Genome
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What are the four main typea of tissues in the body
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Epithelial, muscle, nerve and connective
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What is not a specialized form of diffusion
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Filtration
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What is Anaphase
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During the stages if mitosis the chromosomes move away from the center of the cell
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What is interphase
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During the atage the DNA replicates
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What is metophase
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During this stage of mitosis the chromosomes align in the center of the cell
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What is prophase
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During the stage of mitosis the chromation condenses into chromosomes
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What is telophase
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During this stage of mitosis the nuclear envelope and nuclei reappear
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What is genetic information
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Stored in base pair sequences on genes expreased through protein synthesis
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What is cell division
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reproduction of cells involving division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the cytoplasm, period when the vell is not actively dividing is called interpase
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Relationship of cell structure and function
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Regulation of life processes
Survival of species through reproduction of the individual Relationship of structure of function apparent in number and types of organelles seen in different cells Heart muscle cells contain many motocgondria required to produce adequate energy needed dor continued contractions Flagellum of sperm cells gives motility allowing movement of sperm through female reproductive tract thus increasing chances for fertilization |
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What is ribosomes
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Protein factories in the cell made of RNA
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What is Endoplasmic reticulum
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Tubelike passages that carry substances through the cytoplasm
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What is Golgi apparatus
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Chemically proccess and package substances feom the endoplasmic reticulum
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What is mitochondria
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Powerhouse of the cell most of the cells ATP is formed here
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What is lysosomes
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Bags of digestive enzymes in the cell
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What is flagella
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A long cell projection used to propel sperm cells
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What is cilia
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Short hairlike structures on the free surface of some cells
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What is nucleus
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Directs protein synthesis, the brain of the cell
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What is nucleoli
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Small structure in the nucleus, helps in the formation of ribosomes
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