Biology - Chapter 3

Front 1

hydrogen bond

Back 1

the attraction between 2 water molecules

Front 2

cohesion

Back 2

an attractive force between particles of the same kind (surface tension)

Front 3

adhesion

Back 3

an attractive force between unlike substances

Front 4

capillarity

Back 4

the ability of water molecules to move upward through narrow tubes against the force of gravity (caused by adhesion and cohesion)

Front 5

organic compounds

Back 5

carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other carbon atoms and to other elements (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)

Front 6

functional groups

Back 6

clusters of atoms (found in organic compounds) that influence the properties of the molecules they compose

Front 7

alcohol

Back 7

an organic compound with a hydroxyl group attached to one of its carbon atoms

Front 8

monomers

Back 8

smaller, simpler molecules (bond to form polymers - make up carbon compounds)

Front 9

polymers

Back 9

complex molecules made of many monomers

Front 10

macromolecules

Back 10

large polymers

Front 11

condensation reaction

Back 11

a chemical reaction in which monomers link to form polymers

Front 12

hydrolysis

Back 12

(reverse of condensation reaction) breaking down of polymers or other complex molecules

Front 13

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Back 13

a compound containing a lot of energy used to supply energy for other chemical reactions

Front 14

carbohydrate

Back 14

an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen)

Front 15

monosaccharide

Back 15

a monomer of a carbohydrate; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - 1:2:1)

Front 16

isomers

Back 16

compounds (like certain sugars) with 1 chemical formula but different forms (glucose, fructose, galactose)

Front 17

disaccharide

Back 17

a double sugar formed when 2 monosaccharides combine in a condensation reaction (sucrose - fructose+glucose)

Front 18

polysaccharide

Back 18

a complex molecule composed of 3 or more monosaccharides

Front 19

proteins

Back 19

organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (formed by many monomers)

Front 20

amino acids

Back 20

monomers that make up proteins (20 different amino acids with same basic structure)

Front 21

dipeptide

Back 21

2 amino acids

Front 22

peptide bond

Back 22

a covalent bond between 2 amino acids (occurs during condensation reaction)

Front 23

polypeptide

Back 23

a long chain of amino acids (make up proteins)

Front 24

substrate

Back 24

the reactant being catalyzed (locks into enzyme, reaction occurs and new product is released)

Front 25

enzyme

Back 25

organic molecule that acts as a catalyst ; most enzymes are proteins (reused after reaction with other substrates)

Front 26

lipids

Back 26

large, nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water

Front 27

fatty acids

Back 27

unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids

Front 28

hydrophilic

Back 28

"water loving"

Front 29

hydrophobic

Back 29

"water fearing"

Front 30

triglyceride

Back 30

3 fatty acid molecules joined to 1 alcohol glycerol molecule

Front 31

phospholipids

Back 31

2 fatty acids joined by 1 molecule of glycerol

Front 32

wax

Back 32

a type of structural lipid; a long fatty acid chain joined with a long alcohol chain (waterproof; protective coat)

Front 33

steroid

Back 33

4 fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them

Front 34

nucleic acids

Back 34

large, complex organic molecules that store important information in the cell

Front 35

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 35

stores and transfers information that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins

Front 36

nucleotides

Back 36

thousands of linked monomers; compose RNA and DNA; 3 main parts - a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base