Biology Chapter 28 Lap 11

Front 1

"internal sea" of the body

Back 1

circulatory system

Front 2

3 Major Parts of the Circulatory System

Back 2

heart
blood
vessels

Front 3

A fluid that serves as a medium of transport

Back 3

blood

Front 4

a system of channels that conduct the blood throughout the body

Back 4

blood vessels

Front 5

a pump that keeps the blood circulating

Back 5

heart

Front 6

two major types of circulatory systems:

Back 6

open and closed

Front 7

____ circulatory systems are present in invertebrates

Back 7

open

Front 8

An animal with an open circulatory system has one or more hearts, a network of blood vessels, and a large open space within the body called a

Back 8

hemocoel

Front 9

____ circulatory systems are present in some invertebrates; but mostly vertebrates

Back 9

closed

Front 10

In closed circulatory systems, the blood (whose volume in only 5% to 10% of body volume) is confined to ___ and ___

Back 10

heart and blood vessels

Front 11

the ____ system supports all the other organ sytems in the body

Back 11

circulatory

Front 12

chambers of the heart called ____ collect blood

Back 12

atria/atrium

Front 13

Chambers of the heart whose contractions circulate blood throughout the body

Back 13

ventricles

Front 14

blood that has picked up oxygen from the lungs/gills

Back 14

oxygenated

Front 15

blood without oxygen

Back 15

deoxygenatd

Front 16

parts of 3 chamber heart

Back 16

2 atria and 1 ventricle

Front 17

warm-blooded animals need a 4 chamber heart to meet a certain demand which is?

Back 17

high metabolic rate...need more blood & faster

Front 18

One pump [or side of the 4 chamber heart] consists of the __ and __ wich deal with deoxygenated blood from the body

Back 18

right atrium
right ventricle

Front 19

the right atrium receives oxygen-depleted blood form the body through to large __: superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

Back 19

veins

Front 20

vessels that carry blood toward the heart

Back 20

veins

Front 21

contractions of the right atrium force the blood to enter the

Back 21

right ventricle

Front 22

contractions of the right ventricle sends the oxygen-depleted blood to ___ via ___

Back 22

the lungs via the pulmonary arteries

Front 23

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Back 23

arteries

Front 24

one pump [side of the 4 chamber heart] consists of the ___ and __ and deals with oxygenated blood

Back 24

left atrium
left ventricle

Front 25

Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through ___ and then is squeezed to the ___

Back 25

pulmonary veins
left ventricle

Front 26

the hearts most muscular chamber

Back 26

left ventricle

Front 27

contractions of the left ventricle send the oxygenated blood coursing out through a major artery the ___ to the rest of the body

Back 27

aorta

Front 28

the human heart beasts about ___ times each day

Back 28

100,000

Front 29

parts of the cardiac cycle

Back 29

atriums contract
ventricles contract
atra and ventricles relax

Front 30

At a normal resting heart rate, the cardiac cycle lasts

Back 30

just under 1 second

Front 31

the cardiac cylce is involved in _____ measurement

Back 31

blood pressure

Front 32

systolic pressure

Back 32

the highter of the two readings--measured during ventricular contraction

Front 33

diastolic pressure

Back 33

measured between contractions

Front 34

___ maintain the direction of blood flow in the heart

Back 34

valves

Front 35

____ coordinate the sequence of contractions

Back 35

electrical impulses

Front 36

___ valves allow blood to flow from the atria to into the ventricles

Back 36

atrioventricular

Front 37

____ valves allow blood to enter the pulmonary artery and the aorta when the ventricles contract

Back 37

semilunar

Front 38

The contraction of the heart is initiated and coordinated by a ____, a cluster of specialized heart muscle cells that produce spontaneous electrical signals at a regular rate

Back 38

pacemaker

Front 39

The heart's primary pacemaker is the

Back 39

sinoatrial (SA) node

Front 40

where is the sinoatrial node located?

Back 40

in the upper wall of the right atrium

Front 41

Individual cardiac muscle cells communicae directly with one another through

Back 41

gap junctions

Front 42

How is the delay between the atria contracting and the ventricles contracting produced?

Back 42

atrioventricle node

Front 43

a small mass of specialized muslce cells locatted in the floor of the right atrium

Back 43

atrioventricle node

Front 44

Uncoordinated, irregular, weak contractions of the heart

Back 44

fibrilation

Front 45

measures the electrical activity underlying the contractions of the heart

Back 45

electrocardiogram (ECG)

Front 46

Plasma Protein which helps maitain the blood's osmotic pressure

Back 46

albumins

Front 47

Plasma protein which transports nutrients and plays a role in the immune system

Back 47

globulins

Front 48

Plasma Protein which is important in blood clotting and

Back 48

fibrinogen

Front 49

Red Blood Cells carry oxygen fomr the ____ to the ____

Back 49

lungs to the tissues

Front 50

most abundant cells in the blood

Back 50

red blood cells

Front 51

red blood cells are also called

Back 51

erythrocytes

Front 52

Why do red blood cells have a "hole"

Back 52

lose their nunclei during develop

Front 53

why is the "hole" good for the red blood cells

Back 53

allows for great surface area

better absorption and release of oxygen and nutrients

Front 54

the red color of the erythrocytes is caused by the pigment

Back 54

hemoglobin

Front 55

large, iron-containing protein accounts for about one-third of the weight of each red blood cell and carries 97% of bloods oxygen

Back 55

hemoglobin

Front 56

One hemoglobin molecule can bind and carry up to ___ molecules of oxygen

Back 56

4

Front 57

oxygen concentration high in blood capillaries or tissues of the body?

Back 57

blood capillaries

Front 58

Red blood cells are formed in

Back 58

the bone marrow

Front 59

Erythrocytes have an average life span of about _____

Back 59

4 months

Front 60

every second, more than ____ (#) red blood cells die and are replaced by new ones from the bone marrow

Back 60

2 million

Front 61

Dead or damaged red blood cells are removed from ciruculation, primarily in the ___ and ___, and broken down to release their ___

Back 61

liver and spleen
iron

Front 62

____ regulates red blood cells numbers

Back 62

negative feeback r

Front 63

a hormone produced by the kidneys and released into the blood in response to oxygen deficiency

Back 63

erythropoietin

Front 64

Blood is classified as type A, B, C, AB, or O, depending on the presence or absence of specific glycoproteins on the plasma mebrane of ____ cells

Back 64

red blood cells

Front 65

Rh-positive blood dominant or reccessive trait?

Back 65

dominant

Front 66

there are __ different types of white blood cells

Back 66

5

Front 67

white blood cells are also called

Back 67

leukocytes

Front 68

All white blood cells are derived from cells that originate in the _____

Back 68

bone marrow

Front 69

Most white blood cells function in the same way: ____

Back 69

to protect your body from microbes

Front 70

White blood cells use the _____ to travel to the site of invasion

Back 70

circulatory system

Front 71

type of white blood cell that change into amoeba-like cells after leaving the capillaries. they engulf foreign particles

Back 71

macrophages
"big eaters"

Front 72

macrophages usually die after engulfing the foreign particle and their dead bodies accumulate to form

Back 72

pus

Front 73

type of white blood cell that are responsible for the production of antibodies that help provide immunity against

Back 73

lymphocytes

Front 74

macrophages engulf the foreign particle by ______

Back 74

phagocytosis

Front 75

2 different types of lymphocytes

Back 75

T Cells
B Cells

Front 76

B cells are produced in the ___ and differentiated in _____

Back 76

bone marrow
bone marrow

Front 77

T cells are produced in the _______ and differianted in the _______

Back 77

bone marrow
thymus gland [part of lymphatic system]

Front 78

type of white blood cell that kills cancer cells and cells with an viral infection

Back 78

Natural Killers

Front 79

How do to Natural Killers kill the infected cells?

Back 79

by secreting enzymes

Front 80

type of white blood cell that "mops up" dead cells, dying cells, cellular debris, and microbes

Back 80

neutrophils

Front 81

cell fragments that aid in blood clotting

Back 81

platelets

Front 82

platelets are pieces of large cells called

Back 82

megakarycytes

Front 83

platelets lack a _____

Back 83

nucleus

Front 84

life span of platelets?

Back 84

10-12 days

Front 85

do megakarycytes stay in bone marrow or leave with platelets

Back 85

stay in bone marrow

Front 86

complex process that keeps animals fomr bleeding to death, not only from trauma, but also from normal wear and tear on the body

Back 86

blood clotting

Front 87

the process of blood clotting

Back 87

1. tissue damage ruptures cells and causes platelets to aggregate

2. ruptured cells release chemicals that stimulate production of thrombin

3. aggrgated platelets release chemicals that stimulate production of throbin

4. thrombin catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

fibrin traps platelets and red blood cells to aggregate and for a scab on top of the aggregated platelets

Front 88

blood flows in well-defined channels called

Back 88

blood vessels

Front 89

As it leaves the heart, blood travels from ___ to ____ to ___ to ___ to ____, which return it back to the heart

Back 89

arteries to
arterioles to
capillaries to
venules to
veins

Front 90

___ and __ are thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Back 90

arteries
arterioles

Front 91

Arteries carry blood ___ (to) (from) the heart

Back 91

away from

Front 92

arteries branch into vessel sof smaller diameter called

Back 92

arterioles

Front 93

blood vessel that plays a major role in determining how blood is distributed within the body

Back 93

arterioles

Front 94

microscopic vessels that allow the blood and body cells to exchange nutrients and wastes

Back 94

capillaries

Front 95

arterioles conduct blood to ____

Back 95

capillaries

Front 96

the tiniest of all blood vessels

Back 96

capillaries

Front 97

where the actual process of diffusion occurs in the blood

Back 97

capillaries

Front 98

what causes interstitual fluid to leak out of the capillaires on the aterioles sie?

Back 98

high pressure within the capillaires

Front 99

charged molecules cannot diffuse through the capillary membranes..where do they travel?

Back 99

in the interstitual fluid around adjacent capillaries

Front 100

why can't large plasma proteins, red blood cells, and platelets leave the capillaries

Back 100

too large to fit through plasma membrane channels

Front 101

the exchange of materials between capillary blood and nearby cells occurs through ____, which bathes nearly all the body's cells

Back 101

interstitual fluid

Front 102

pressure within the capillary drops as blood travels toward the _____

Back 102

venules

Front 103

what does the high osmotic pressure of the blood that remains inside the capillaries do??

Back 103

draws water back into the vessels by osmosis as blood approaches the venous end of the capillaries

Front 104

much of the interstitual fluid is restored to the bloodstream thorugh the capillary walls on the ____ side of the capillary metwork

Back 104

venous

Front 105

____ and _____ carry blood back to the heart

Back 105

venules and veins

Front 106

why does contractions of skeletal muscle during exercise and breathing help return blood to the heart by squeezing the veins and forcing blood through them?

Back 106

because blood pressure is low in the veins

Front 107

long periods of inactivity can contribute to the formation of _____, in which the vavles become stretched and weakened and the veins become permanetly swollen

Back 107

varicose veins

Front 108

Musculare arteriole walls are under the influence of ____, _____, and _____ produced by nearby tissues

Back 108

nerves
hormones
chemicals

Front 109

the flow of blood in capillaries is regulated by tiny rings of smooth muscle called ______

Back 109

precapillary sphincters

Front 110

Precapillary sphincters srround the junctions between ____ and ____

Back 110

arterioles and capillaries

Front 111

3 main purposes of lymphatic system:

Back 111

return excess fluid & dissolved substances that leak from the capillaries to the bloodstream

transport fats from the small intenstine to the bloodstream

defend the body by exposing bacteria and viruses to white blood cells

Front 112

_____ resemble the veins and capillaries of the circulatory system

Back 112

lymphatic vessels

Front 113

two organs considered part of lymphatic system

Back 113

spleen
thymus

Front 114

chest pain associated with reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, caused by the obstruction of coronary ateries

Back 114

angina

Front 115

a small artery that empties into capillaries. contraction of this blood vessel regulates blood flow to various parts of the body

Back 115

arteriole

Front 116

a vessel with muscular, elastic walls that conducts blood away from the heart

Back 116

artery

Front 117

a disease characterized by the obstruction of arteries by cholesterol deposits and thickening of the arterial walls

Back 117

atherosclerosis

Front 118

a specialzed mass of muscle @ the base of the right atrium through which the electrical activity iniated in the sioatrial node is transmitted to the ventricles

Back 118

atrioventricular (AV) node

Front 119

a heart valve that separates each atrium from each ventricle, preventing the backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction

Back 119

atrioventricle valve

Front 120

a chamber of the heart that received venous blood and passes it to a ventricle

Back 120

atrium

Front 121

a fluid consisting of plasma in which blood cells are suspended; carried within the circulatory system

Back 121

blood

Front 122

a complex process by which platelets, the protein fibrin, and red blood cells block an irregular surface in or on the body, such as damaged blood vessel, sealing the wound

Back 122

blood clotting

Front 123

a channel that conducts blood throughout the body

Back 123

blood vessel

Front 124

the smallest type of blood vessel, connecting arterioles with venules. capillary walls, through which the exchange of nutrients and wastes occur, are only one cell thick

Back 124

capillary

Front 125

the alternation of contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers

Back 125

cardiac cycle

Front 126

the type of circulatory system, found in certain worms and vertebrates, in which the blood is always confined within the heart and vessels

Back 126

closed circulatory system

Front 127

a red blood cell, active in oxygen transport, that contains the red pigment hemoglobin

Back 127

erythrocyte

Front 128

a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to oxygen difiency that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow

Back 128

erythropoietin

Front 129

a clotting protein formed in the blood in response to a wound; binds with other fibrin molecules and provides a matrix around which a blood clot forms

Back 129

fibrin

Front 130

the inactive form of the clotting protein fibrin. is converted into fribrin by the enzyme thrombin, which is produced in response to injury

Back 130

fibrinogen

Front 131

a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood within the circulatory system throughout the body

Back 131

heart

Front 132

a severe reduction or blockage of blood flow through a coronary atery, deprving some of the heart muscle of its blood supply

Back 132

heart attack

Front 133

a blood cavity within the bodies of certain invertebrates in which blod bathes tissues directly; part of an open circulatory system

Back 133

hemocoel

Front 134

the iron-containing protein that gives red blood cells their color; binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it to the tissues

Back 134

hemoglobin

Front 135

arterial blood pressure that is chronically elevated above the normal level

Back 135

hypertension

Front 136

fluid, similar in composition to plasma [except lacking large proteins], that leaks from capillaries and acts as a medium of exchange between the body cells and the capillaries

Back 136

interstitual fluid

Front 137

any of the white blood cells circulating in the blood

Back 137

leukocyte

Front 138

a pale fluid, within the lymphatic sysem, that is composed primarily of interstitual fluid and lymphocytes

Back 138

lymph

Front 139

a system consisting of lymph vessels, lymp capillaries, and lymph nodes, and the thymus and spleen; helps protext the body against infection, absorbs fats, and returns the excess fluid and small proteins to the blood circulatory system

Back 139

lymphatic system

Front 140

a small structure that filters lymph; contains lymphocytes and macrophages, which inactivate foreign particles such as bacteria

Back 140

lymph node

Front 141

a type of white blood cell that engults microbes and destroys them by phagocytosis; also presents microbial antigens to T cells, helping stimulate the immune response

Back 141

macrophage

Front 142

a type of circulatory system found in some invertebrates, such as arthropods and mollusks, that includes an open space [the hemocoel] in which blood directly bathes body tissues

Back 142

open circulatory system

Front 143

a cluster of specialized muscle cells in the upper right atrium of the heart that produce spontaneous electrical signals at a regular rate; the sinoatrial node

Back 143

pacemaker

Front 144

a deposit of cholesterol and other fatty substances within the wall of an artery

Back 144

plaque

Front 145

the fluid, noncellular portion of the blood

Back 145

plasma

Front 146

a cell fragment that is formed from megakarycytes in bone marrow and lacks a nucleus; circulates in the blood and plays a role in blood clotting

Back 146

platelet

Front 147

a ring of smooth muscle between an arteriole and a capillary that regulates the flow of blood into the capillary bed.

Back 147

precapillary sphincter

Front 148

a protein on the red blood cells of some people (__-postive) but not other (__-negavitive); the exposure of _-negative individuals to _-positive blood triggers the production of antibodies to __-positive blood cells

Back 148

Rh factor

Front 149

a paired valve between the ventricles of the heart and the pulmonary arer and aorta; prevents the backflow of blood into the ventricles when they relax

Back 149

semilunar valve

Front 150

a small mass of specialized muscle in the wall ofthe right atrium; generates electrical signals rhymically and spontaneiously and serves as the heart's pacemaker

Back 150

sinoatrial (SA) node

Front 151

an organ of the lymphatic system in which lymphocytes are produced and blood is filtered past lymphocytes and macrophages, which remove foreign partricles and aged red blood cells

Back 151

spleen

Front 152

an interruption of blood flow to part of the brain caused by the rupture of an artery or the blocking of an artery by a blood clot. loss of blodd supply leads to rapid death of the area of the brain affected

Back 152

stroke

Front 153

an enzyme produced in the blood as a result of injury to a blood vessel; catalyzes the production of fibrin, a protein that assists in blood clot formation

Back 153

thrombin

Front 154

an organ of the lymphatic system that is located in the upper chest in fron of the heart and that secretes thymosin, which stimulates lymphocyte maturation; begins to degenerate at puberty and has litte function in the adult

Back 154

thymus

Front 155

a patch of lymphatic tissue consisting of connective tissue that contains many lymphocytes; located in the pharynx and throat

Back 155

tonsil

Front 156

in vertebrates, a large-diameter, thin-walled vessel that carries blood from venules back to the heart

Back 156

vein

Front 157

the lower muscular chamber on each side of the hear, which pumps blood out through the arteries. the right ventricle sends blood to the lungs; the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body

Back 157

ventricle

Front 158

a narrow vessel with thin walls that carries blood from capillaries to veins

Back 158

venule