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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pterophyta
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- ferns
- Devonian period - dominant sporocyte - small gametophyte - swimming sperm - complex leaves, megaphylls - originate from rhyniophytes - mainly homosporous, but can be both - sporophyte with sori under leaf ---> fronds and rhizomes - vascular root, stems, and leaves - differentiation between main axis and side braches |
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Coniferophyta
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- needlelike leaves
- naked seeds in cones - non-motile sperm |
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Gnetophyta
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- consists of three genera, including Welwitschia
- non-motile sperm - vessels |
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Cycadophyta
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- palmlike tropical gymnosperm
- motile sperm |
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Ginkgophyta
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- represented today by a single species
- fan shaped leaves - motile sperm |
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Sphenophyta
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- horsetails
- seedless vascular plants - abundant tree forms during Carboniferous |
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Angiospermae
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- xylem vessels
- very reduced gametophytes - endosperm - seeds in fruit - double fertilization |
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Hepatophyta
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- nontracheophytes, nonvascular
- liverworts - flattened thallus - dominant gamteophyte - elaters for spore dispersal |
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Bryophyta
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- nontracheophytes, nonvascular
- motile sperm - stomates present - tracheids absent - includes mosses - protonema: photosynthetic, chlorophylls --> can also be non-photosynthetic, anchors plant to substratum - grows by apical division - hydroid cells transport water |
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Lycophyta
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- club mosses
- originated from rhyniophytes - Silurian period - microphylls in spirals - roots branch dichotomously - some heterospory - sporangia in strobili / leaf axils --> conelike cluster of spore bearing leaves inserted on axis - if no strobili, spores on upper leaf, the sporophyll |
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Rhyniophytes
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- eaeliest known vascular plant
- Silurian period - fossils found in Devonian rocks by Rhynie, Scotland - simple vascular system of phloem and xylem - not all fossils had tracheids - lacked roots |
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Euphyllophytes
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- clade of Pteridophytes and seed plants
- overtopping growth: important synapomorphy ---> one branch differentiates and grows beyond the others ----> advantage in competition for light ----> shades dichotomously growing competitors -----> enabled new type of leaf to grow |
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Anthocerophyta
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- hornworts
- nontracheophytes, nonvascular - sporophytes look like horns - stomata, don't close - cells contain plantlike chloroplast - sporophytes closest to being capable of growth without set limit ---> indefinite cell division in basal region of sporangium - cyanobacteria reside in internal cavities to convert N2 --> usable form |
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Equisetum
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- horsetails
- true roots branch irregularly - sporangia curve back toward stem on ends of short stalks ----> sporangiophores - large sporophyte, small gametophyte - small leaves, reduced megaphylls ---> form whorls (circles) around stem - basal growth |
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Psilophyta
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- whisk ferns
- rootless, spore bearing - highly specialized plants - evolved from loss/reduction of megaphylls and true roots - gametophytes lack chlorophyll, live below surface of ground - depend on fungal partners for nutrition |
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Tmesipteris
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- have flattened photosynthetic organs
---> reduced megaphylls with well derived vascular tissue |
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Ferns
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- first appeared during Devonian period
- sporophytes have true leaves, roots, and stems - sporangia in sori under surface of leaves - during development, leaf unfurls coil - megaphylls -mostly homosporous, can be both - depend on mutualistic relationship with fungus for nutrients |
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3 clades of land plants without tracheids
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1. liverworts
2. hornworts 3. mosses |
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3 clades of seedless vascular plants
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1. club mosses
2. horsetails 3. whisk ferns |
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Silurian Period
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- First tracheophyte fossils
- Rhynia fossils found |
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Angiosperms dominant
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Cenzoic era
- Quaternary - Tertiary Periods |
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Gymnosperms dominant
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Paleozoic era
- Cretacious (most recent) - jurassic - Triassic |
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Non-seed tracheophytes dominant
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Later Paleozoic
- Permian - Carboniferous - Devonian |
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Devonioan
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- Rhynia fossils found
- late period, gymnosperms found |
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Jurassic Period
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earliest angiosperms
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Ordovician Period
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First land plants
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Silurian Period
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- First tracheophyte fossils
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Angiosperms dominant
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Cenzoic era
- Quaternary - Tertiary Periods |
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Gymnosperms dominant
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Paleozoic era
- Cretacious (most recent) - jurassic - Triassic |
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Non-seed tracheophytes dominant
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Later Paleozoic
- Permian - Carboniferous - Devonian |
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Devonioan
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earliest gymnosperms found
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Jurassic Period
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earliest angiosperms
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Ordovician Period
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First land plants
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charales
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living charophyte closest relative to embryophytes
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lignin
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- need for support in arial environment
- woody portions in plants |
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stomata
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need for gas exchange and water retention
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sporopollenin and thick cell walls
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protects gametes from desiccation
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