Biology-Chapter 27- Fluid, Electrolyte And Acid-Base Balance

Front 1

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Back 1

The interstitial fluid, plasma, and other body fluids.
The ionic concentrations and pH (Hydrogen ion concentration) of this fluid is as important as its absolute quantities.

Front 2

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Back 2

The cytosol.
The ionic concentrations and pH (Hydrogen ion concentration) of this fluid is as important as its absolute quantities.

Front 3

Fluid Balance

Back 3

Amount of water you gain each day is equal to the amount you lose in the environment.

Front 4

Electrolytes

Back 4

Ions released through the dissociation of inorganic compounds.

Front 5

Electrolyte balance

Back 5

The gains and losses for every electrolyte are in balance.

Front 6

Acid-Base Balance

Back 6

The production of hydrogen ions in your body is precisely offset by their loss.

Front 7

Fluid Compartments

Back 7

Examples are the ECF and ICF because they both behave as distinct entities.

Front 8

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Back 8

A major physiological adjustment affecting fluid and electrolyte balance. Has 2 important effects
1. stimulates water conservation in the kidneys and reduces water loss.
2. stimulates the thirst center, prompting intake of fluids.
Its secreted by osmoreceptor neurons in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Front 9

Osmoreceptors

Back 9

Cells found in the hypothalamus which monitor the osmotic concentration of the ECF. (Very sensitive to subtle changes).

Front 10

Aldosterone

Back 10

A major physiological adjustment affecting fluid and electrolyte balance. Secreted by the adrenal cortex. Has a major role in determining the rate of Na+ absorption and K+ loss along the DCT and collecting system of the kidneys.

Front 11

Natriuretic Peptides

Back 11

ANP and BNP. They are released by cardiac muscle cells in response to abnormal stretching of the heart walls. Caused by elevated blood pressure or an increase in blood volume.

Front 12

Fluid Shift

Back 12

A rapid water movement between the ECF and the ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.

Front 13

Dehydration

Back 13

Water depletion. Caused when water losses exceed water gains.

Front 14

Overhydration

Back 14

Water excess. Caused by 1. ingestion of large volumes of fresh water or injection of a hypotonic solution, 2. an inability to release excess water, or 3. endocrine disorders.

Front 15

Acidosis

Back 15

When the pH of plasma falls below 7.35.

Front 16

Alkalosis

Back 16

When the pH of plasma rises above 7.45.

Front 17

Volatile Acid

Back 17

An acid that can leave solution and enter atmosphere.

Front 18

Fixed Acids

Back 18

An acid that DO NOT leave solution and enter atmosphere. Once produced, they stay in body fluids until they are excreted by the kidneys.

Front 19

Organic Acids

Back 19

Acid participants in or by-products of aerobic metabolism.

Front 20

Buffer System
1. Protein
2. Hemoglobin
3. Carbonic Acid- Bicarbonate
4. Phosphate

Back 20

System of dissolved compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by providing or removing H+.
1. Depends on the ability of amino acids to respond to pH changes.
2. Buffering through hemaglobin molecules through RBC's.
3. Prevents changes in pH caused by organic acids and fixed acids in the ECF.
4. Consists of the anion H2PO4- which is a weak acid.

Front 21

Respiratory Compensation

Back 21

A change in the respiratory rate that helps stabilize the pH of the ECF. Occurs when pH in body stays outside normal limits.

Front 22

Renal Compensation

Back 22

A change in the rates of H+ and HCO3- secretion or reabsorption by the kidneys in response to changes in plasma pH.

Front 23

Respiratory Acidosis

Back 23

Develops when the respiratory system cannot eliminate all of the carbon dioxide generated by peripheral tissues.

Front 24

Hypercapnia

Back 24

Low plasma pH is due to this. An elevated plasma PCO2.

Front 25

pCO2

Back 25

carbon dioxide partial pressure.

Front 26

Acute Respiratory Acidosis

Back 26

An immediate life threatening condition which occurs when chemoreceptors fail to respond and breathing rate can't be increased, or if the circulatory supply to the lungs is inadequate. This will cause the pH levels to decline and become severe causing this.

Front 27

Chronic Respiratory Acidosis

Back 27

Develops when normal respiratory function has been compromised, but the compensatory mechanisms have not failed completely.

Front 28

Respiratory Alkalosis

Back 28

An uncommon problem that develops when the condition hypocapnia begins.

Front 29

Hypocapnia

Back 29

Develops when respiratory activity lowers plasma PCO2 below normal levels

Front 30

Metabolic Acidosis

Back 30

The second most common type of acid-base balance that has 3 causes.
1. Production of a large number of fixed or organic acids.
2. Impaired ability to excrete H+ at the Kidneys.
3. Occurs after severe bicarbonate loss.

Front 31

Lactic Acidosis

Back 31

Can develop after strenuous exercise or prolonged tissue hypoxia (oxygen starvation) as active cells rely on anaerobic respiration.

Front 32

Ketoacidosis

Back 32

Results from the generation of large quantities of ketone bodies during the postabsorptive state of metabolism

Front 33

Metabolic Alkalosis

Back 33

Occurs when HCO3- Concentrations become elevated. The bicarbonate ions then interact with hydrogen ions in solution forming H2CO3. Reductions in H+ cause symptoms of alkalosis.