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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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innate immunity |
nonspecific immunity |
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natural killer cells |
attack mutated, malignant cells |
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complement system |
group of 30 proteins |
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inflammatory response |
disinfects damaged tissue |
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braid |
scratch or injury to the skin |
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mast cells |
white blood cells that reside in the connective tissue of the epidermis |
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histamine |
induces neighboring blood capillaries to dialate and become leaky |
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interstitial fluid |
fluid that bathes the surface of the cells |
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extracellular fluid |
another name for interstitial fluid |
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plasma |
insterstitial fluid in lymphatic vessels |
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fenestration |
little gaps between cells |
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systemic |
means "system-wide" throughout the body |
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ceptic shock |
the shock is caused by widespread bacteria |
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adaptive immunity |
the 3rd line of defense (specific immunity) |
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antigens (Ag) |
molecules found on the surface of microbes or inside of the microbes that activates the adaptive immunity; found on the surface of foreign invading microbes |
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antibodies (Ab) |
proteins that bind to antigens; on the surface of immune cells |
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infections |
natural adaptive immunity |
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vaccinations (immunizations) |
antigens from a foreign microbe that are presented to expose an individual that stimulates the immune system (innate and adaptive) to defend against the microbe |
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active immunity |
when a person's own immune system forms the antibodies |
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infections |
natural active immunity |
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vaccinations |
artificial active immunity |
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passive immunity |
receiving premade antibodies |
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lymphatic system |
works in the innate and adaptive immunities, made up of lymphatic vessels and other lymphatic organs |
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lymphatic vessels |
collect and filter interstitial fluid and return it to as lymph to the blood |
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lymphatic vessels valves |
prevent back flow |
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lymph nodes |
traps debris out of the lymphatic fluid so it is ready to flow into the heart perfectly pristine |
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b cells |
the only cells capable of producing antibodies |
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humoral immune response |
B cells and antibodies |
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cell-mediated response (T cells) |
action against infected cells |
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complimentary |
the sequence of amino acids of antibodies binds complimentary to the sequence of antigens, forming an Ab-Ag Complex |
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B cells (Y) |
bind antigens directly |
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T cells |
require additional step for recognition |
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epitope |
site on the antigen that antibodies and "antigen receptors" bind to |
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antigen-binding site |
region on "antigen receptor" or antibody that binds to an the epitope |
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primary immune response |
first exposure |
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secondary immune response |
memory cells initiate a faster, stronger, and more prolonged immune response |
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herd |
vaccinated people around you |
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antigen-presenting cell (APC) |
displays foreign antigen (nonself molecule) and self proteins to a T helper cell; [i.e. B cells and phagocytes] |
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T helper cell |
has receptors that recognize the self-nonself complex and activates B cells and cytotoxic T cells |
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cytotoxic T cells |
cells that destroy infected body cells |
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AIDS |
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that results from infection by HIV |
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HIV |
destroys helper T cells, compromising the body's defenses |
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Major Histocompatability Complex molecules |
the main self proteins |
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autoimmune disorders |
immune system targets self molecules; an overactive immune system |
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immunodeficiency disorders |
immune components are lacking, thus frequent infection occurs |
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allergies |
hypersensitive (exaggerated) responses to otherwise harmless antigens in the environment |
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allergens |
antigens that cause allergies |
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antihistamines |
block histamines from mast cells |
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handle (specific end) |
the part of the Y antibody that bind to the antigen |
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thermoregulation |
homeostatic maintenance of internal temperature |
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endotherms |
body heat from metabolism, regulates body heat, warm-blooded |
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warm-blooded |
blood distributes heat to the cells |
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ectotherms |
body heat from surroundings; cold-blooded |
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cold-blooded |
don't possess the mechanisms to transport heat |
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conduction |
from another source already heated by the sun |
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convection |
heat radiated on to the earth carried to an organism by breezes |
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radiation |
losing heat as you make it |
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evaporation |
the loss of heat |
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osmoconformers |
solute concentration in the body is equal to their surroundings because their tissue makes it easy for diffusion across their cell membranes |
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osmoregulators |
solute concentration in the body independent from their surroundings |
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0.9% |
the salinity of NaCl in the body |
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3.5% |
the salinity of the ocean |
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hypotonic |
higher concentration inside the cell (bursting) |
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hypertonic |
higher than normal solute |
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excretion |
disposal of toxic nitrogenous wastes |
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ammonia (NH3) |
poisonous but water soluble |
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urinary system |
forms and excretes urine; regulates the amount of water and solutes in bodily fluids |
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plasma |
the source of interstitial fluid |
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countercurrent heat exchange |
flow of blood from the heart passes the opposite way of blood leaving the tissues to warm it |
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double-distilled H2O |
what ddH2O stands for |
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renal capsule |
connective tissue of the kidneys |
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renal pyramids |
found in the renal medula where the apex (points downward) |
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renal pelvis |
in the center of the kidneys where urine collects before it drains out of the ureters |
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nephrons |
the functional unit of the kidneys that allows the kidneys to produce urine |
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renal artery |
branch into an arteriole that brings oxygen-rich blood to the first part of the nephron |
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Bowman's capsule |
where filtrate or glomerular filtrate is stored |
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glomerulus and peritubular capillaries |
ball of capillaries and capillary bed in the nephron |
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protein and glucose |
to substances healthy individuals should not have in their urine |
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nephrons |
extract filtrate from blood to make urine |
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filtration |
process of blood pressure forcing water, urea, and many solutes into the nephron |
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reabsorption |
the process of water and valuable solutes being reclaimed from the filtrate |
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secretion |
the process of excess H+ and toxins being added to the filtrate |
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excretion |
the process of the urine leaving the kidneys via the ureters |
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urinary bladder |
where urine is stored |
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urethra |
where urine is expelled |
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180 L |
volume of glomerular filtrate |
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1.5 L |
the volume of ultrafiltrate (99% reabsorption of water) |
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aquaporins |
help move large quantities |
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Solute Concentration Gradient |
causes further water conservation in the interstitial fluid surrounding the tubules |
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proximal convoluted tube |
PCT tubular portion |
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DLH or AHL |
descending or ascending loop of henle portion of the nephron |
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Distal COnvoluted Tubule |
the DCT portion of the nephron |
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Collecting Duct |
a structure shared by several nephrons |
