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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ionic Bond
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Electrons are donated from one atom to another
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Covalent Bond
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Two atoms share a pair of electrons
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Polar vs. Nonpolar
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Polar: pair of electrons are shared unequally
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Electrostatic attraction
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an attractive force that occurs between oppositely charged atoms
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Molecule
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Cluster of atoms held together by covalent bonds
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Hydrogen Bond
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Very weak, easily broken by random thermal motions
In water, these bonds are responsible for the "liquid" state |
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Hydronium (H3O+)
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Formed when substances (acids) lose a proton in water
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Acids
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substances that release protons in water
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pH
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concentration of hydronium.
pH7= 10^-7 moles/liter hydronium |
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Bases
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substances that raise the concentration of hydroxyl ions (OH-), by removing protons when mixed with water
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SMALL UNITS: sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides
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BIG UNITS: polysaccharides, fats and lipids and membranes, proteins, nucleic acids
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formula of sugars/carbohydrates
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(CH2O)n. n can be 1 (monosaccharides), 3, 4, 5, or 6 (glucose)
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polysaccharides- how big?
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can contain up to 1,000's of monosaccharides
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condensation reaction
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a water molecule is expelled
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hydrolysis
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a water molecule is consumed
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components of fatty acids
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hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails
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unsaturated fatty acid
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bent tail where two carbons are double bonded instead of being saturated with hydrogens
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saturated fatty acid
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straight tail. all carbon atoms in tail have two hydrogens (max)
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amphipathic
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quality of fatty acids- both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
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lipids
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fatty acids and their derivatives- insoluble in water
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what are membranes made out of?
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phospholipids mostly, proteins, and cholesterol
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structure of amino acids
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H
I H2N(amino)--C--COOHcarboxyl I R side chain |
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N-terminus vs. C-terminus
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N terminus is the end of an amino acid where the amino group is, C terminus is the end where the carboxyl group is
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between where do amino acids connect and what is the bond called
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amino group and carboxyl group
peptide bond |
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Ribonucleic acids (RNA)
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string of nucleotides ( A G C or U) formed with ribose. single strand
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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string of nucleotides (A G C T) formed with deoxyribose, double strand
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what weaker bonds determine the shape of a macromolecule?
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hydrogen bonds and electrostatic attractions and van der waals
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Van der Waals attraction
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when two atoms come close together, the fluctuating electric charges create electrical attraction
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