Biology Chapter 2

Front 1

Biology

Back 1

based on the principles of chemistry and physics

Front 2

all living organisms are

Back 2

a collection of atoms and molecules

Front 3

what is life?

Back 3

a structure that 1) reproduces using its own resources 2) uses energy and produces waste 3) interacts with the environment

Front 4

physiology

Back 4

function of the organism

Front 5

ichthyology

Back 5

fish

Front 6

zoology

Back 6

animals in general

Front 7

entomology

Back 7

insects

Front 8

mycology

Back 8

fungi

Front 9

limnology

Back 9

plankton

Front 10

ornithology

Back 10

birds

Front 11

phycology

Back 11

algae

Front 12

The scientific method

Back 12

observations
questions - support your statement
hypothesize - educated guess
test hypothesis
conclusion

Front 13

Organization of life's parts

Back 13

subatomic particls
atoms
molecules
macromolecules
organelles
cell
tissue
organs
organ systems
organisms
populations
communities
ecosystems
biomes
biosphere

Front 14

atoms

Back 14

smallest functional units of matter that form all chemical substances
cannot be further broken down by ordinary means

Front 15

element

Back 15

each specific type of atom chemical is

Front 16

three subatomic particles

Back 16

protons
neutrons
electrons
*entire atom has no net electric charge

Front 17

protons

Back 17

positive, found in nucleus, same number as electrons (Mass=1dalton)

Front 18

neutrons

Back 18

neutral, found in nucleus, number can vary (mass=1dalton)

Front 19

electrons

Back 19

negative, found in orbitals, same number as protons (mass≈0)

Front 20

Ion

Back 20

Charged atom + or -

Front 21

Isotopes

Back 21

contain different numbers of neutrons

Front 22

Atomic masses

Back 22

are averages of the weights of different isotopes of an element

Front 23

Electrons occupy

Back 23

orbitals

Front 24

electrons travel within

Back 24

regions surrounding the nucleus in which the probability is high of finding that electron

Front 25

S orbitals

Back 25

are spherical

Front 26

P orbitals

Back 26

propeller or dumbbell shaped

Front 27

each orbital can hold only

Back 27

2 electrons

Front 28

an atom with more than 2 electrons

Back 28

has more than 1 orbital

Front 29

electrons fill orbitals in

Back 29

an organized fashion

Front 30

Atoms with progressively more electrons

Back 30

have orbitals within electron shells that are greater and greater distances from the center of the nucleus

Front 31

valence electrons

Back 31

electrons in the outer shell that are available to combine with other atoms

Front 32

atomic number

Back 32

number of protons in an atom
also equal to the number of electrons in the atom sot he net charge is zero

Front 33

cation (+)

Back 33

has lost electrons

Front 34

Anion (-)

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has gained electrons

Front 35

periodic table is organized by

Back 35

atomic number

Front 36

periodic table rows

Back 36

correspond to the number of electron shells

Front 37

periodic table clumns from left to right

Back 37

indicate the numbers of electrons in the outer shell

Front 38

similarities of elements within periodic table columns occur because

Back 38

they have the same number of electrons in their outer shells and therefor they have similar chemical bonding properties

Front 39

Atomic Mass

Back 39

based on weight of carbon
carbon is 12 - hydrogen has an atomic mass of 1 indicating it has 1/12 the mass of a carbon atom
magnesium atom has an atomic mass of 24 - twice the mass of a carbon atom

Front 40

weight

Back 40

derived from the gravitational pull on a given mass

Front 41

dalton

Back 41

unit of measurement for atomic mass
one dalton (d) equals 1/12 the mass of a carbon atom
carbon has an atomic mass of 12 daltons

Front 42

mole

Back 42

atomic mass
1 mole of any element contains the same number of atoms
avogadro's number

Front 43

avogadro's number

Back 43

6.022x10^23

Front 44

Most common elements in the body

Back 44

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen

Front 45

hydrogen and oxygen occur primarily in

Back 45

water

Front 46

nitrogen is found in

Back 46

proteins

Front 47

carbon is

Back 47

the building block of all living matter

Front 48

molecule

Back 48

2 or more atoms bonded together

Front 49

molecular formula

Back 49

contains chemical symbols of elements found in a molecule
subscript indicates how many of each atom are present

Front 50

compound

Back 50

molecule composed of 2 or more elements

Front 51

chemical reactions

Back 51

represent energy
form molecules and macromolecules

Front 52

chemical reactions occur

Back 52

when one or more substances are changed into other substances
reactants -> products

Front 53

reactions in living organisms often require this in chemical reactions

Back 53

a catalyst (enzymes) frequently protein

Front 54

environment in which chemical reactions occur

Back 54

liquid environment - water

Front 55

chemical reactions tend to proceed

Back 55

in a particular direction but will eventually reach equilibrium - together or apart

Front 56

Octet rule

Back 56

how atoms are put together
8 electrons = stable (4 orbitals)

Front 57

for many atoms, the outer shell fills with 8 electrons or

Back 57

or lese reaction

Front 58

hydrogen is an octet exception

Back 58

which fills its outer shell with 2 electrons

Front 59

3 types of bonds
2 typs of bond interactions

Back 59

covalent
-polar covalent
-nonpolar covalent