Biology Chapter 18

Front 1

Where does glycolysis occur and what other net gains?

Back 1

In the cytoplasm and it produces 2 pyruvate, (4-2=2) ATP and 2 NADH molecules

Front 2

What is the sequence of reactions for aerobic respiration?

Back 2

Glycolysis, link reaction, krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Front 3

What are the 4 steps and the name of the 4 steps of glycolysis?

Back 3

1. Phosphorylation- 2 ATP molecules are hydrolysed and a phosphate group attaches to either end of the glucose molecule forming hexose bisphosphate

2. Lysis- this unstable molecule breaks down into 2 triose phosphate molecules

3. Phosphorylation- another phosphate group coming from the cytoplasm attaches to the ends of the TP molecules forming triose bisphosphate

4. Dehydrogenation- The 2 TBP molecules are oxidized removing the h atoms which are accepted by energy coenzymes forming 2 NADH, 4 ATP and 2 pyruvate molecules

Front 4

What are adaptations of the cristae?

Back 4

They are folds which increase SA for maximum oxidative phosphorylation

Front 5

What is the difference between the mitochondrial inner membrane and intermembrane space?

Back 5

The inner membrane contains the electron transport chains and ATP synthase but the intermembrane space is where proteins are pumped into

Front 6

What is another name for the link reaction and where does it occur?

Back 6

Oxidative decarboxylation occurs in the mitochondria matrix

Front 7

What happens to the starting pyruvate molecule in the link reaction?

Back 7

Undergoes decarboxylation catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase producing CO2.

it is then oxidized and an H atom is removed and accepted by NAD to form NADH

Front 8

What is the final product of the link reaction?

Back 8

Acetylcoenzyme A forms when the acteyl group combines with coenzyme A

Front 9

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

Back 9

In the mitochondrial matrix

Front 10

What is the net gain of molecules of the krebs cycle using one glucose molecule?

Back 10

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP molecules from 2 cycles using pyruvate

Front 11

What are the steps for the krebs cycle?

Back 11

1. Acetyl CoA breaks down into CoA and acetate which combines with a 4C oxaloacetate to form citrate

2. The citrate undergoes decarboxylation and dehydrogenation producing a NADH, CO2 and a 5C molecule

3. The 5C compound undergoes further decarboxylation and dehydrogenation eventually reforming oxaloacetate

Front 12

What are the 4 differences between NAD and FAD?

Back 12

NAD takes part in all stages of respiration but FAD only takes part in the krebs cycle

NAD accepts 1 H but FAD accepts 2 H

NADH is oxidised at the start of the ETC but FADH2 is oxidised further along the chain

NADH results in 3 ATP but FADH2 results in 2 ATP

Front 13

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Back 13

In the membranes of cristae

Front 14

What happens to NADH and FADH2 when they enter oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 14

The H atom dissociates into H+ and high energy e- which are used to synthesise ATP by chemiosmosis

Front 15

How is the proton gradient created and maintained in oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 15

The oxidation and reduction of electron carriers releases energy which is used to create this gradient

Front 16

What is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation and what are the products?

Back 16

O2 which is combined with H+ ions to form water

Front 17

Where is substrate level phosphorylation shown in respiration?

Back 17

Krebs cycle and glycolysis (formation of triose bisphosphate)

Front 18

What are obligate anaerobes?

Back 18

Organisms that can't survive in oxygen such as prokaryotes that only anaerobically respire

Front 19

What are facultative anaerobes?

Back 19

These organisms can synthesise ATP from aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen but can also switch to anaerobic

Front 20

What are obligate aerobes?

Back 20

These can only synthesise ATP in the presence of oxygen even though some of it's cells e.g. muscles may act as facultative anaerobes