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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA Splicing
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one gene can make splice variants of a protein.
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One gene
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usually encodes one protein.
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Transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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occurs in nucleus. prokaryotes occurs in cytosol.
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Gene Expression
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process by which DNA directs synthesis of proteins.
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Transcription
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copying DNA into RNA.
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Translation
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make protein from mRNA.
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Site of Translation
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ribosomes in cytosol in both prok. and euka.
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RNA Polymerase
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binds promoter, unwinds DNA strands & polymerizes RNA nucleotides.
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Promoter
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DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription.
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Primary Transcript
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initial RNA transcript, unprocessed.
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RNA Polymerase in prokaryotes
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only one type.
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RNA Polymerase in eukaryotes
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3 types, I II and III; RNA polymerase II synthesizes mRNA.
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3 Stages of Transcription
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initiation, elongation, termination.
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Initiation
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RNA pol binds promoter, DNA strands unwind, initiates RNA synthesis.
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Elongation
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RNA polymerase moves downstream, unwinding DNA & elongating the RNA transcript in 5’-3’ direction.
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Termination
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RNA transcript is complete and is released as RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA.
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Ribozymes
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RNA that functions as an enzyme that splice RNA.
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Alternative RNA Splicing
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some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide; depends on which segments are treated as exons during splicing.
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Transcription factors - eukaryotes
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Proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase & initiation of transcription.
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Transcription Initiation Complex
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completed assembly of transcription factors & RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter.
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TATA Box
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promoter crucial in forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes.
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Chaperone Proteins
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help fold protein correctly.
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Point Mutations
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chemical changes in just 1 base pair of a gene. substitution, insertion, and deletion.
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Mutagens
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physical or chemical agents that cause mutation.
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Polyadenylation signal sequence
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AAUAAA.
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RNA Processing
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pre-mRNA is modified into mRNA before it leaves the nucleus.
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Introns
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noncoding regions, intervening sequences; between coding regions.
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Extrons
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coding regions, translated & expressed.
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Spliceosome
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formed by snRNP's and proteins surrounds the area where introns are cut out and seal extrons. .
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Introns
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noncoding regions, intervening sequences; between coding regions.
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Signal peptide
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marks polypeptides destined for the ER or secretion.
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Extrons
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coding regions, translated & expressed.
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Spliceosome
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formed by snRNP's and proteins surrounds the area where introns are cut out and seal extrons. .
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Signal peptide
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marks polypeptides destined for the ER or secretion.
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