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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Transformation |
process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
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bacteriophage
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virus that infects bacteria
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nucleotide
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monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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base pairing
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principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine
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operon
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group of genes operating together
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operator
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region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is “turned off”
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differentiation
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process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
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hox genes
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series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo
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mutation
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change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
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point mutation
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gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides
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frameshift mutation
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mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
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polyploidy
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condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
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gene
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sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
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messenger RNA (mRNA)
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RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
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ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes
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transfer RNA (tRNA)
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type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
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transcription
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process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA
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RNA polymerase
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enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
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promoter
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region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA
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intron
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sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
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exon
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expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
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codon
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three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
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translation
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decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
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anticodon
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group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
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chromatin
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granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
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histone
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protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
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replication
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copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA
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DNA polymerase
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enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
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