Biology Chapter 12 Dna And Rna

Front 1

___________ means that antibiotics will no longer work.

Back 1

antibiotic resistance

Front 2

What did Griffith want to learn about bacteria?

Back 2

how it made people sick

Front 3

What did Griffith discover?

Back 3

antibiotic only works on bacterial infection

Front 4

The strain of bacteria that caused pneumonia grew into _________ colonies on culture plates; harmless bacteria produced colonies with ________ edges.

Back 4

smooth
rough

Front 5

Mice injected with bacteria from smooth colonies __________.

Back 5

died

Front 6

Mice injected with a mixture of bacteria from heat killed smooth colonies and live rough colonies died. Explain how this happened.

Back 6

The live rough bacteria took of the smooth bacteria's DNA whenever the smooth bacteria denatured.

Front 7

What result from Griffith's experiment suggested that the cause of pneumonia was not a chemical poison released by the disease causing bacteria?

Back 7

when he injected the mice with heat killed bacteria the mice survived.

Front 8

What is transformation?

Back 8

the process of one strand of bacteria changing into another form(using foreign DNA) permanently.

Front 9

What hypothesis did Griffith form from the results of his experiments?

Back 9

that when the live, harmless bacteria and heat killed bacteria were mixed, some factor was transferred from the heat killed cells into the live cells

Front 10

Avery and his colleagues thought that the molecule required in transformation might also be the molecule of the _________.

Back 10

gene

Front 11

Briefly describe how Avery and his group determined which molecule was most important for transformation.

Back 11

they destroyed the nucleic acid in DNA and transformation did not occur.

Front 12

Transformation does not occur when _________ is destroyed.

Back 12

DNA

Front 13

What was the conclusion from Avery's experiments?

Back 13

nucleic acid stored in DNA transmits the genetic information from one generation to the next.

Front 14

What is a bacteriophage?

Back 14

one kind of virus that infects bacteria

Front 15

Viruses are _________.

Back 15

abiotic

Front 16

What makes up a bacteriophage?

Back 16

a protein coat (capsid)
and a DNA core

Front 17

What happens when a bacteriophage infects a bacteria cell?

Back 17

the virus attaches to the surface of the cell (the protein coat) and injects the genetic information into it.

Front 18

What about a virus makes people sick?

Back 18

the genetic information

Front 19

How would Hershey and Chase learn whether genes were made of protein or DNA?

Back 19

They assigned radioactive susbtances to mark each. If 35S was found, then it was proteins. If 32P was found, then it was DNA.

Front 20

What radioactive element was assigned to proteins? to DNA?

Back 20

35S
32P

Front 21

What results did Hershey and Chase observe?

Back 21

that DNA was what made up proteins

Front 22

Hershey and Chase concluded that the genetic material of bacteriophage was __________.

Back 22

DNA

Front 23

List three critical things that genes were known to do.

Back 23

1. to carry information from one gene to the next
2. put that information to work by determining the heritable characteristics.
3. had to be easily copied

Front 24

How often are genes replicated?

Back 24

every time a cell divides

Front 25

What is the makeup of a nucleotide?

Back 25

a 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Front 26

Adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine are ________ in DNA.

Back 26

nitrogenous bases

Front 27

What are adenine and guanine called? Cytosine and thymine?

Back 27

purines
pyrimidines

Front 28

Adenine and _________ are larger molecules than _______ and thymine because they have two rings in their structure.

Back 28

guanine
cytosine

Front 29

What forms the backbone of a DNA chain?

Back 29

sugar and phosphate groups of each nucleotide

Front 30

To make DNA, the nucleotide (MUST/DOESN'T HAVE TO) be joined together in a specific order. To make a human being, the nucleotide (MUST/DOESN'T HAVE TO) be joined together in a specific order.

Back 30

doesn't have to
must

Front 31

According to Chargaff's rules, the percentages of ______ are equal to the those of thymine and the percentages of _______ are equal to those of guanine in the DNA molecule.

Back 31

adenine
cytosine

Front 32

Franklin's work with x-ray diffraction showed that the DNA molecule is shaped like a __________ and contains _______ strand(s).

Back 32

double helix
two

Front 33

How did Crick and Watson try to understand the structure of DNA?

Back 33

by building three-d models of the molecule AND x-ray pictures

Front 34

How did Watson and Crick describe the structure of DNA?

Back 34

a double helix, with two strands wound around each other.

Front 35

According to the principle of ________, hydrogen bonds can only form between adenine and thymine AND guanine and cytosine.

Back 35

base pairing

Front 36

Where is DNA located in prokaryotic cells?

Back 36

cytoplasm

Front 37

Most ________ contain a single, circular DNA molecule.

Back 37

prokaryotes

Front 38

Eukaryotic DNA is generally located in the ______ in the form of a number of chromosomes. Where is the DNA also found?

Back 38

nucleus
mitochondrion and chloroplasts

Front 39

All organisms have the same number of _________.

Back 39

chromosomes

Front 40

The E coli chromosome is longer than the diameter of an individual E coli __________.

Back 40

bacterium

Front 41

A human cell contains more than __________ of DNA.

Back 41

1 meter

Front 42

The DNA of the smallest human chromosome is nearly 10 times as long as many bacterial chromosomes. TRUE/FALSE

Back 42

TRUE

Front 43

Eukaryotic chromosomes contain both DNA and protein, packed together to form _________.

Back 43

chromatin

Front 44

What are histones?

Back 44

proteins in chromatin that organize and protect

Front 45

Why are individual chromosomes visible only during mitosis?

Back 45

because that is when they are drawn together

Front 46

According to Chargaff's rules, the percentages of ______ are equal to the those of thymine and the percentages of _______ are equal to those of guanine in the DNA molecule.

Back 46

adenine
cytosine

Front 47

Franklin's work with x-ray diffraction showed that the DNA molecule is shaped like a __________ and contains _______ strand(s).

Back 47

double helix
two

Front 48

How did Crick and Watson try to understand the structure of DNA?

Back 48

by building three-d models of the molecule AND x-ray pictures

Front 49

How did Watson and Crick describe the structure of DNA?

Back 49

a double helix, with two strands wound around each other.

Front 50

According to the principle of ________, hydrogen bonds can only form between adenine and thymine AND guanine and cytosine.

Back 50

base pairing

Front 51

Where is DNA located in prokaryotic cells?

Back 51

cytoplasm

Front 52

Most ________ contain a single, circular DNA molecule.

Back 52

prokaryotes

Front 53

Eukaryotic DNA is generally located in the ______ in the form of a number of chromosomes. Where is the DNA also found?

Back 53

nucleus
mitochondrion and chloroplasts

Front 54

All organisms have the same number of _________.

Back 54

chromosomes

Front 55

The E coli chromosome is longer than the diameter of an individual E coli __________.

Back 55

bacterium

Front 56

A human cell contains more than __________ of DNA.

Back 56

1 meter

Front 57

The DNA of the smallest human chromosome is nearly 10 times as long as many bacterial chromosomes. TRUE/FALSE

Back 57

TRUE

Front 58

Eukaryotic chromosomes contain both DNA and protein, packed together to form _________.

Back 58

chromatin

Front 59

What are histones?

Back 59

proteins in chromatin that organize and protect

Front 60

Why are individual chromosomes visible only during mitosis?

Back 60

because that is when they are drawn together

Front 61

Changes in chromatin structure and histone-DNA binding are assosciated with changes in ___________.

Back 61

gene activity

Front 62

What do nucleosomes do?

Back 62

they fold DNA into the cell nucleus

Front 63

Somatic cells contain ___% DNA and the only difference between one cell and another is that they ____________.

Back 63

100
use different genes

Front 64

Nucleosomes are a bunch of _______ and ________.

Back 64

proteins
DNA

Front 65

What occurs during the process of replication? How much DNA do you start with?

Back 65

DNA is duplicated during S phase
200%

Front 66

During DNA replication, the DNA molecule _______, or unzips into two strands.

Back 66

separates

Front 67

During DNA replication, each strand serves as a ________ or model to produce the new strands.

Back 67

template

Front 68

Two new _____ strands are produced, following the rules of __________.

Back 68

complementary
base pairing

Front 69

In eukaryotic chromosomes, DNA replication begins at ________ points in the chromosome and proceeds in two directions.

Back 69

many

Front 70

The sites where DNA replication and separation occur are called _________.

Back 70

replication forks

Front 71

What bonds are used to connect?

Back 71

hydrogen bonds

Front 72

What occurs when a molecule of DNA is unzipped?

Back 72

the hydrogen bonds are broken and the two strands of the molecule unwind

Front 73

What is the complementary strand of bases for a strand with the bases TACGTT?

Back 73

ATGCAA

Front 74

Each DNA molecule resulting from replication has one ________ strand and one ________ strand.

Back 74

original
new

Front 75

List two major roles of DNA polymerase in the process of DNA replication?

Back 75

1. joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
2. proof reads each new strand

Front 76

What is transcription?

Back 76

making a single gene of DNA into RNA

Front 77

List the six differences between DNA and RNA.

Back 77

1. the sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose
2. RNA is single stranded
3. RNA contains uracilin in place of thymine
4. DNA has 1 function, RNA has several
5. RNA can be found anywhere, DNA is only in the nucleus
6. RNA is disposable, DNA is permenant

Front 78

What is the importance of the cell's ability to copy a single DNA sequence into RNA?

Back 78

It makes it possible for a single gene to produce hundreds or even thousands of RNA molecules. It makes it into a single protein.

Front 79

What is the one job in which most RNA molecules are involved?

Back 79

translation-protein synthesis

Front 80

Name the steps of changing from DNA.
(There are 3)

Back 80

1. replication (DNA>DNA)
2. transcription (DNA>RNA)
3. translation (RNA>protein)

Front 81

What type of RNA carries copies of the instructions for assembling amino acids from DNA to the rest of the cell?

Back 81

messenger RNA

Front 82

What type of RNA is a form of protein on ribosomes?

Back 82

ribosomal RNA

Front 83

What type of RNA transfers each amino acid to the ribosome to help assemble proteins?

Back 83

transfer RNA

Front 84

RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into a strand of _______.

Back 84

RNA

Front 85

RNA polymerase binds only to DNA _________, which have specific base sequences.

Back 85

promoters

Front 86

Where does transcription take place?

Back 86

the nucleus

Front 87

Promoters are signals to ____ that indicate to RNA polymerase ____ to begin transcription.

Back 87

DNA
where

Front 88

After transcription, the ______ falls off.

Back 88

RNA

Front 89

Many RNA molecules from eukaryotic genes have sections, called ______ , edited out of them before they become functional. The remaining pieces called ______, are spliced together.

Back 89

introns
exons

Front 90

What do introns and exons enable?

Back 90

more than 1 possible product

Front 91

RNA editing occurs in the ________ of the cell.

Back 91

nucleus

Front 92

What are two explanations for why some RNA molecules are cut and spliced?

Back 92

in order to make it possible for a single gene to produce several different forms of RNA
play a role in evolution

Front 93

What is a mutation?

Back 93

a change in DNA

Front 94

If an amino acid is a monomer, what is its polymer?

Back 94

protein

Front 95

Proteins are made by joining ___________ into long chains called polypeptides.

Back 95

amino acids

Front 96

How can only four bases in RNA carry instructions for 20 different amino acids?

Back 96

the genetic code is read three letters at a time so that each "word" of the coded message is three bases long.

Front 97

What is a codon?

Back 97

three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is added to the polypeptide.

Front 98

How many possible three base codons are there? How many amino acids are there?

Back 98

64
20

Front 99

A codon is a ______ and an anticodon is a _______.

Back 99

mRNA
tRNA

Front 100

What is the start codon for protein syntheis?

Back 100

AUG

Front 101

Are all amino acids specified by only one codon?

Back 101

no

Front 102

What are the three possible stop codons?

Back 102

UAG, UGA, UAA

Front 103

What occurs during the process of translation?

Back 103

the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain.

Front 104

Where does translation take place (BE SPECIFIC)?

Back 104

ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Front 105

Before translation occurs, ___________ is transcribed from DNA in the nucleus.

Back 105

messenger RNA

Front 106

It is the job of ________ to bring the proper amino acid into the ribosome to be attached to
the growing peptide chain.

Back 106

transfer RNA

Front 107

When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, it releases the newly formed polypeptide and the _____ molecule.

Back 107

mRNA

Front 108

What is an anticodon?

Back 108

bases complementary to one mRNA codon. They are tRNA.

Front 109

DNA is the ______ and remains in the _________.

Back 109

master plan
nucleus

Front 110

RNA is the disposable master plan and goes to ________ in the _________.

Back 110

ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Front 111

Many proteins are _______, which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions.

Back 111

enzymes

Front 112

Genes and the ___________ are the keys to almost everything that living cells do.

Back 112

environment

Front 113

What are changes to the genetic material?

Back 113

mutations

Front 114

Chromosomal mutations result from changes to _______ gene(s).

Back 114

several

Front 115

Mutations that occur at a single point in the DNA sequence are __________.

Back 115

point mutations

Front 116

Substitution affects ____ gene(S). Deletion and insertion affect_____ gene(s).

Back 116

1
all from that point on

Front 117

A mutation involving the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide is a(n) __________ mutation.

Back 117

frameshift

Front 118

The loss of all/part of a chromosome are _______ mutations.

Back 118

deletion

Front 119

__________ mutations produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome.

Back 119

duplication

Front 120

Part of a chromosome becomes oriented in the revers of its usual direction in _________ mutations.

Back 120

inversions

Front 121

________ mutations are when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.

Back 121

translocation

Front 122

Point mutations that involve the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide changes the reading frame of the ____________.

Back 122

genetic message

Front 123

____________ mutations affect every amino acid that follows the point of mutation.

Back 123

frameshift

Front 124

Mutations that cause dramatic changes in protein structure are often __________.

Back 124

harmful

Front 125

Mutations are a source of ___________ in a species.

Back 125

variability/evolution

Front 126

What is a polyploidy?

Back 126

the condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.

Front 127

What three things promote transcription?

Back 127

enhancers
TATA box
promoters

Front 128

Regulatory sites promote _________.

Back 128

transcription

Front 129

Where does DNA polymerase bind?

Back 129

promoters

Front 130

The actions of DNA binding proteins help to determine whether a gene is _____________.

Back 130

turned on or off

Front 131

What is an operon?

Back 131

a group of genes that work together

Front 132

Operons are found only in _________.

Back 132

prokaryotes

Front 133

Operons are _______ together.

Back 133

transcribed

Front 134

What is the function of the genes in the lac operon?

Back 134

to take lactose across the cell membrane then break the bonds between glucose and galactose (lactose)

Front 135

Baceterium prefers ___________.

Back 135

glucose

Front 136

The lac operon turns off if there is ____________.

Back 136

glucose

Front 137

Lactose is a simple _______.

Back 137

sugar

Front 138

What turns the lac operon on and off?

Back 138

on- presence of lactose
off- repressors

Front 139

_______ control which genes we use.

Back 139

repressors

Front 140

Where do repressors bind?

Back 140

promoter

Front 141

Is the lac operon working in the following situations?
1. glucose is present
2. lactose
3. glucose and lactose

Back 141

1. no
2. yes- it is bound to the repressor
3. no

Front 142

How does the repressor protein prevent transcription?

Back 142

the promoter gets in the way of the RNA polymerase

Front 143

How does lactose cause the lac operon to turn on?

Back 143

it binds to the repressor, which takes the promoter off

Front 144

How are eukaryotic genes usually controlled?

Back 144

individually by regulatory sequences that are much more complex

Front 145

What is the function of the TATA box?

Back 145

it helps position RNA polymerase by marking a point just before the point at which transcription begins

Front 146

Eukaryotic promoters are usually found just ________ the TATA box, and they consist of a series of short ________ sequences.

Back 146

before
DNA

Front 147

List three ways in which proteins that bind to enhancer sequences of a gene can work to regulate gene expression.

Back 147

1. enhance transcription by opening up chromatin
2. help to attract RNA polymerase
3. block access to genes

Front 148

Why is gene regulation in eukaryotes more complex than in prokaryotes?

Back 148

because only a tiny fraction of the available genes need to be expressed

Front 149

What role do hox genes play in the development of an organism?

Back 149

master regulatory genes that control the differentiation of cells and tissues

Front 150

Why do common patterns of genetic control for development exist among animals?

Back 150

all these genes have descended from the genes of a common ancestor.