Biology Chapter 10 & 12

Front 1

mitosis

Back 1

part of the eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

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cytokinesis

Back 2

division of the cytoplasm during cell division

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chromatid

Back 3

one of two identical "sister" parts of duplicated chromosomes

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centromeres

Back 4

area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

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chromosomes

Back 5

threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next

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cell cycle

Back 6

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

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interphase

Back 7

period of cell cycle between cell divisions

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daughter cells

Back 8

two daughter cells are created when a cell divides

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G1 phase

Back 9

first part of interphase; period of activity where cells do most of their growing; cells increase in size and synthesize new proteins and organelles

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S phase

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second part of interphase; chromosomes are replicated and the synthesis of DNA molecules takes places; usually once cell enters S phase, it completes the cell cycle

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G2 phase

Back 11

after DNA replication is completed, third part of interphase before mitosis; shortest phase; many organelles and molecules req. for cell division produced

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M phase

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includes mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and cytokinesis; cell division of cell cycle

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prophase

Back 13

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the cell

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metaphase

Back 14

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

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anaphase

Back 15

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

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telophase

Back 16

fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material

Front 17

Describe what happens during the four phases of mitosis.

Back 17

pro (chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles separate, nuclear envelope breaks down), meta (chromosomes line up), ana (sister chromatids separate), telo (chromosomes gather at opposite ends of cell and lose distinct shapes)

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centriole

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one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

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kinetochores

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another term for centromeres

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spindle fibers

Back 20

fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis

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kinetochore fibers

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microtubules that connect kinetochores to spindle polar fibers

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nonkinetochore fibers

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microtubules that do not connect to the centromere but still help divide cell

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cyclin

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one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

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benign

Back 24

not harmful in effect

Front 25

Identify a factor that can stop cells from growing.

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p53- gene that stops cell cycle until all chromosomes have been properly replicated; cells keep growing until come in contact with other cells

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malignant

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very virulent or infections; cancerous

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stem cells

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an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation

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Explain what problems growth cause for cells.

Back 28

The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, the cell has more trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane.

Front 29

Describe how cell division solves the problems of cell growth.

Back 29

As the cell gets bigger, its volume increases faster than its surface area. This makes in harder to move stuff across the membrane. By dividing, the cell solves this.

Front 30

Name the main events of the cell cycle.

Back 30

PMAT- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 31

Describe how the cell cycle is regulated

Back 31

protein cyclin; internal regulators and external regulators

Front 32

Explain how cancer cells are different from other cells

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Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells.

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What are internal regulators of the cell cycle?

Back 33

proteins that respond to events inside the cell; allow cell cycle to proceed only when certain processes have happened inside cell; i.e. some make sure a cell doesn't enter mitosis unless chromosomes have been replicated

Front 34

What are external regulators of the cell cycle?

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proteins that respond to events outside cell; direct cells to speed up or slow down cell cycle; growth regulators; molecules found on surfaces of neighboring molecules

Front 35

What are the two types of cell division in eukaryotes and the type in prokaryotes?

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eukary: mitosis and meiosis (cuts chromosome # in half)/// pro: simple fission to produce identical daughter cells, have no mitotic spindle or cytoskeleton

Front 36

Define karyotype.

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the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species; matching up chromosomes based on size/structure

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What's an allele?

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a form of the gene

Front 38

True or False: Cytokinesis and interphase are not part of mitosis.

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True!

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What's the contractile ring?

Back 39

ring of proteins that pinches off animal cells into two

Front 40

Fill in the blank: Once _____ ______ separate, each considered _______ ______.

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SISTER CHROMATIDS, DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES

Front 41

What do you call the separation of two daughter cells?

Back 41

cytokinesis