Biology Chapter 1 Evolution, The Themes Of Biology, And Scientific Inquiry

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Biology

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Scientific study of life

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Living Things

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- There is a great diversity

- Composed of the SAME chemical elements as non living things

- Obey the same physical and chemicals laws that govern everything in the universe

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1. Living things are organized
2. Life requires materials and energy
3. Livings things maintain homeostasis
4. Living things respond to stimuli
5. Living things reproduce and develop
6. Living things have adaptations
SO HEAR
STIMULI, ORGANIZED, HOMEOSTASIS, ENERGY, ADAPTATIONS, REPRODUCE AND DEVELOP

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Characteristics of Life

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Atom - Molecule - Cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ Systems - Organisms - Population - Community - Ecosystem - Biosphere

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Levels of Biological Organization

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Biosphere

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- Zone of air, land (crust), and water where organisms exist

- Regions of the Earth's crust, waters and atmosphere inhabited by living things

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Ecosystem

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Community plus its physical environment

- Characterized by chemical cycling and energy flow

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Community

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Collection of interacting populations within the same environment or particular area

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Population

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All the members/organisms of a species within a particular area

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Organism

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An individual; complex individuals contain organ systems

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Organ Systems

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Composed of several organs working together for a particular function

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Organs

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Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task

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Tissue

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Group of cells with a common structure and function

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Cell

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Basic unit of structure and function of all living things.

* Unicellular or multicellular

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Molecule

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Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

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Atom

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Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

- Organization of life begins

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Species

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Group of similar, interbreeding organisms

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Energy

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Capacity to do work. Required to maintain organization and conduct life-sustaining processes such as chemical reactions

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Metabolism

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All the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

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Photosynthesis

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Process that converts solar energy into the chemical energy of carbohydrates

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Homeostasis

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Maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries.

Imperative that an organism maintain a state of biological balance. Feedback systems monitor internal conditions and make adjustments.

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Genes

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- Passed on as copies to the next generation when organisms reproduce

- Determine the characteristics of an organism

- Composed of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

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Adaptation

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- Modification that makes an organism better able to function in a particular environment

- The reason why a diversity of life exists

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Evolution

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Change in a population of organisms over time to become more suited to the environment

A generation-to-generation change in the proportion of different inherited genes in a population

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Theory of Evolution

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- Explains the diversity and unity of life

- Suggests how all living things descended from a common ancestor

- Common descent with modification

- All living organisms have a common ancestor, but each is adapted to a particular way of life

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Natural Selection

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- Evolutionary mechanism proposed by Charles Darwin

- Aspect of the environment 'selects' which traits are more apt to be passed on to the next generation

- Individuals with the favorable traits produce the greater number of offspring that survive and reproduce, increases the frequency of favorable traits

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Mutations

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- Introduces variations among members of a population

- Fuels natural selection

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Taxonomy

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Discipline of biology that identifies, names, and classifies organisms according to certain rules

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Systematics

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Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

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From least inclusive "narrow" species to most inclusive "broad" domain.

Species - Genus - Family - Order - Class - Phylum - Kingdom - Domain

SGFOCPKD

Students go freak out crazy probably knowing Doctor 'F'

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Classification Categories

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Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

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3 Domains of Life

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Domain Archaea

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- Contains unicellular prokaryotes (lack a membrane bound nucleus) of various shapes that have adaptations to extreme environments probably similar to the primitive earth

- Absorb or chemosynthesize food

- Unique chemical characteristics

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Domain Bacteria

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- Unicellular prokaryotes of various shapes that have adaptations to all environments including our skin and in our mouths and intestines

- Absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food

- Unique chemical characteristics

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Domain Eukarya

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Contains unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes (contain membrane bound nucleus)

Include:

- Kingdom Protists

- Kingdom Fungi

- Kingdom Plantae

- Kingdom Animalia

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Scientific Names

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- Universal and Latin Based

- Binomial Nomenclature

Two part name that is italicized. First word is the genus which is CAPITALIZED. Second word is the species designation (specific epithet) written in lower case.

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Scientific Method

- Observation
- Hypothesis
- Predictions and Experiments
- Data Collection with Statistical Analysis
- Conclusion

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Standard series of steps used in gaining knowledge through research

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Observation

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Using the senses to gather information about a phenomenon or natural event

- Must give rise to multiple hypotheses

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Hypothesis

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- Tentative explanation for what was observed

- Developed through inductive reasoning

- Always testable and falsifiable

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Experiment

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Series of procedures designed to test a hypothesis

- It utilizes deductive reasoning to make a prediction or expected outcome

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Experimental Design

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Manner in which an experiment is conducted.

- Ensures that the scientist is examining the contribution of a specific factor called the experimental (independent) variable (factor being tested) to the observation

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Test Group

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Exposed to the experimental variable in the experiment

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Control group

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Goes through all aspects of the experiment but is not exposed to the experimental variable

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Data

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Results of an experiment and should be observable and objective
- Tables and graphs are two possible formats
- Analyzed using statistics

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Standard Error

Probability Value (p)

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2 Types of Measures of Variation

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Standard error

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How far off the average of the data is

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Probability value (p)

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- Has statistical significance

- Less than 5% is acceptable (p < 0.05)

- The lower the p value, the greater the confidence in the results

- Not due to chance alone

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Conclusion

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Data are interpreted to determine whether the hypothesis is supported or not

- If test group and control group yield same resulted supported

- If prediction happens, hypothesis supported

- Findings are reported in scientific journals

- Peers review the findings

- Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings

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Scientific Theory

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- Concepts that join together two or more well-supported and related hypotheses

- Supported by broad range of observations, experiments and data

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Scientific Principle / Law

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- Widely accepted set of theories

- No serious challenges to validity

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Biodiversity

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- Total number and relative abundance of species, the variability of their genes, and the ecosystems in which the live

- Estimated to be as high as 15 million species but less than 2 million have been named and identified

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Extinction

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Death of the last member of a species or larger classification category

- Estimates of 400 species/day lost due to human activities

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Examples of Emerging Diseases

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H5N1

H7N9

SARS

Ebola

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Where do emerging diseases come from?

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- New or increased exposure to insects or animals

- Changes on behaviors

- Use of technology (Legionnaires' disease)

- Globalization

- Pathogens mutating and changing hosts (avian flu)

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Climate Change

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- Changes in normal cycles of Earth's climate attributable to human activities

- Due to imbalance in chemical cycling of carbon

because more carbon is being released than removed (burning of fossil fuels, destruction of forests) and increase in CO2 causes temperature increases called global warming (produced by greenhouse effect, global warming is changing Earth's ecosystems)

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Sun

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Primary source of energy

- Energy must be constant

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Sun(Energy) - Producers (Plants) - Primary Consumers (Herbivores, Rabbits) - Secondary Consumers (Omnivores, Carnivores, Fox) - Tertiary Consumers (Humans) - Decomposers (Fungi/Bacteria)

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Chain of Energy Trophic Levels

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Rule of 10

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Through each tropic level, only 10% of energy is retained, 90% goes to waste

(Ex: 2000 kcal - 200 kcal - 20 kcal - 2 kcal)

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Evolutionary Tree

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- Like a family tree

- Traces the ancestry of life on Earth to a common ancestor

- Unity in diversity arises from descent with modification

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Fossils

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- Provide additional evidence of anatomical unity from descent with modification

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Protists
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia

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4 Domains of Eukarya

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Protists

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- Algae, protozoans, slime molds, water molds

- Complex single cell (sometimes filaments, colonies or even multicellular)

- Absorb, photosynthesize or ingest food

Ex: Paramecium

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Plantae

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- Certain algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering

- Multicellular, usually with specialized tissues containing complex cells

- Photosynthesize food

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Fungi

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- Molds, mushrooms, yeasts, ringworms
- Mostly multicellular filaments with specialized complex cells
- Absorb food and nutrients

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Animalia

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- Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, frogs, turtles, birds and mammals

- Multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells

- Ingest food

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Cell

Homeostasis

Evolution

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3 Basic Theories of Biology

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Cell Theory

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All organisms are composed of cells, and new cells come only from preexisting cells

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Homeostasis Theory

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The internal environment of an organism stays relatively constant - within a range that is protective of life

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Emergent Properties

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As biological complexity increases, each level acquires new ______________ _____________

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Movement

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The ability to respond to stimuli often produces ______________

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Stimulus

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- Environmental cue that causes a response