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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell |
basic unit of life |
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organism |
living individual |
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every organism consists of |
consists of one or more cells |
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every cell has |
an outer membrane that seperates it from our surroundings |
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the membrane encloses |
water and other hemicals that carry out the cells functions |
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
informational molecule of life |
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cells use DNA |
to produce proteins, which enables cells to speicalize and to function in tissues, organs, and organ systems
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a list of biochemicals does not supply a sufficient definition for life |
a list of biochemicals does not supply a sufficient definition for life |
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atom |
the smallest chemical unit of a type of pure substance(element) |
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molecule |
a group of joined atoms |
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organelle |
a membrane bonded structure that has a specific function whitin a cell |
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cell |
fundamental unit of life |
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tissue |
a collection of speicalized cells that function in a coordination fashion |
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organ |
a structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions |
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organ system |
organs connected physically or chemically that function together |
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organism |
single living individual |
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population |
group of the same species of organism living in the smae place and time |
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community |
all populations that occupy the same rgion |
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ecosystem |
the living and nonl iving components of an area |
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biosphere |
the global ecosstem; the parts of the plaet and its atmosphere where life is posible |
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an organism is |
a collection of structures that function together and exhibit all of these qualities |
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characteristics of life |
-organization -energy use -mainenance of internal constancy -reporduction, growth, and development -evolution |
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the characterists of life also |
occur in non living objects |
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Biology is |
the scientific study of life |
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cells are |
the basic units of life |
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every _________, or living individual, consists of one or more cells |
organism |
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cells use ______ to produce _______, which are the building blocks for life |
DNA, protein |
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The characteristics of life are |
• organization |
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all life shares 5 characteristics |
• organization |
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Organization (life characteristic) |
because a biosphere is made up of severeal ecosystems, and an ecosystem is made up of communities, a community is made up of several populations, a population is made up of a group of same species organisms, an organism is made up of a single organ system, an organ system is made up of a organ, an organ is made up of tissue, tissue is made of cells, cells are made from organelle, organelle are made from DNA or molecules, moleules or dna are made from atoms |
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each of the 5 traits of life may also occur in non living objects |
however this does not make them alive . Must have ALL five characteristics |
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can be organied but not alive |
like a rock crystal |
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organelles |
are compartments that carry out speicalized functions in cells |
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not all cells contain |
organelles |
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in multicellular organisms |
the cells are organized into specialized tissues that make up organs |
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_________ are linked into an individuals organ systems |
multiple organs |
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population |
includes member of the same speices of organism living in the same place at the same tim |
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community |
icludes the poulations of different species in a region |
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ecosystem |
includes both the living and non living comonents of an area |
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biosphere |
all parts of the planet that can support life |
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emergent properties |
when two components interact and create something completely seperate and new |
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if a function is interrupted the corresponding structure will |
eventually break down |
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__________________ sustain life |
countless chemical reactions |
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metabolism |
allow orgnisms to aquire and use energy and nutrients to bulid new structures, repair old ones, and reproduce |
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the countless chemical reactions that sustain life are collectively called |
metabolism |
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for emergent property to take place |
cells must interact in a specific way |
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producers are also known as |
autotrophs |
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producers |
make their own food by extracting energy and nutrients from non living sources
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_______ extract energy and nutrients from the sun or chemical energy from rocks |
producers or autotrophs |
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consumers are also known as |
heterotrophs |
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consumers |
obtain energy and nutrients by eating other organisms living or dead |
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decomposers |
heterotrophs that use energy and nutrients from wastes or dead orgnaisms |
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fungi and many bacteria are |
decomposers |
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energy transfers are |
never 100 percent efficient... some energy is always lost in the form of heat |
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because no organism can use heat as an energy source |
it represents a permanent loss from the cycle of life |
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all ecosystems depend on continuous stream of energy |
usually the sun |
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life maintains internal constancy |
living cell must maintain a certain temperature, take in nutrients, excrete wastes, and regulate its many chemical reations to prevent a shortage of wurplus of essential substances |
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homeostasis |
process by which a cell or organism miantains this state of internal constancy or equilbrium |
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examples of homeostasis |
shivering to get warmer or sweat evaporating from your skin helps you cool off |
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reproduction |
transmits dna from generation to generation |
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reproduction occurs in two ways |
asexually or sexually |
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asexual reporduction |
-one parent -genetically identical -successful strategy in unchanging environments or for fast reproduction |
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single and multicellular organisms reproduce |
asexually |
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sexual reproduction |
-two parents -genetically different offspring -successful in changing environments b/c ability to adapt |
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most plants reproduce |
sexually |
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genetic diversity in |
sexual reproduction which will incrase chances that some individuals will survive |
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sexual reproduction is common among |
plants and animals |
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adaption |
is an inherited characteristic or behavior that enavles an organism to survive and reproduce successfully in its environment |
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adaptive traits come from |
natural selection |
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no oganism is |
exactly the same as any other |
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genetic mutations |
generate variability in all organisms, even those that reproduce asexually |
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adaptions occur by |
survival of the fittest |
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natural selection |
is the enhanced reproductive success of certain indidviduals from a population based on inherited characteristics - those with best comvinations of genese survive and reproduce |
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natural selection depends on |
environment |
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natural selection is one mechanism of |
evolution |
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evolution |
is a change in the genetic makeup of a population over multiple generations |
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darwin and wallace |
introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection around the 1860s |
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__________ is the single most powerful idea in biology |
evolution |
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what characteristics distinguish the living from the nonliving? |
1. organization 2. uses energy 3. life maintains internal constancy 4. life reproduces, grows, and develops 5. life evolves |
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the levels of lifes organizational hierarchy from smallest to largest, starting with atoms and ending witht he biosphere |
atoms, molecules, organelles, cell tissue,, organ, organ system, organism, population, ecosystem, biosphere |
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what are the roles of natural selection and mutations in evolution |
natural selection and mutations allow for those who better fit the environment to survive and thus allowing the reproducing organisms to evolve mutations over time |
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taxonomy |
the biological science of naming and classifying organisms |
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species |
the basic unit of classification designates a distinctive type of organism |
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closely related species are grouped into the same |
genus |
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unique scientific names are made up of |
the genus and the species |
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scientific names are |
always italicized |
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taxonomists look at |
naming species and classifying organisms according to what we know about evolutionary relationships, as they give insight into how closely related two species are |
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all species fall into |
one of three domains |
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the three domains that all species fall into |
domain bacteria domain archaea domain eukarya |
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domains |
the broadest ( most inclusive) taxonomic category |
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domain bacteria |
cells lack nuclei (prokaryotic)/ unicellular |
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domain archaea |
cells lack nuclei (prokaryotic)/ unicellular |
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domain eukarya |
cells contain nuclei (eukaryotic)/ unicellular or multicellular |
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bacteria and archaea are |
superficially similar to one another all are single celled prokaryotes |
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kingdoms |
species in each domain subdivided |
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eukarya domains kingdoms |
animalia, protista, fungi, and plantae |
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what are the goals of taxonomy |
to catogorieze species not only by name but by their relation to other species |
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how are domains related to kingdoms |
kingdoms are subdivisions of the species in each domain |
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which kingdoms contain eukaryotic organisms |
domain eukarya |
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protista |
uni or multi cellular autotrophs or heterotrophs |
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kingdom animalia |
multicellular heterotrophs(by ingestion) |
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kingdom funi |
most are multicellular heterotrophs(by external digestion) |
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kingdom plantae |
multicellular autotrophs |
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biology is changing rapidly because |
technology has expanded our ability to make observations |
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scientific method |
general way of using evidence to answer questions |
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scientific knowledge arises from |
the application of the scientific method |
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mutations in dna generate the variation that |
darwin saw but ould not explain |
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hypothesis |
a tentative explanation for one or more observations the essential unit of scientific inquiry must be testable, must be a way to collect data that can support or reject the hypothesis |
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no hypothesis can be proven to be true because |
scientific thinking is open to future discoveries that may contradict todays results |
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a hypothesis is a general statement that can lead to |
specific predictions |
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predictions are typically written as |
an if - then statement |
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devise experiment to test a |
hypothesis under controlled conditions |
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not all data is in context of an experiement many are through |
scientific investigations based on discovery |
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once a scientis has enough evidence to support or reject a hypothseis he or she may |
write a paper and sumbit it for publication in a scientific journa |
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peer revie |
scientists independently evaluate the validity of the methods, data, and conclusions. peer review is not perfect |
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scientific methods steps |
observations and questions, hypothesis and prediction, data collection, analysis and peer review |
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experiment |
an investigation carried out in controlled conditions |
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sample size |
one of the most important descisions that an investigator makes in designing an experiment -the number of individuals that he or she will study |
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usually the larger the sample size |
the more credible the results |
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variables |
a changeable element of an experiment ant here are several types |
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independent variable |
the investigator manipulates the levels of this to determine whether it influences some other phonomenon |
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dependent cariable |
the response that the investigator measures dependent on the independent variable |
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standardized variable |
anything that the investigator holds constnt for all subjects in the experiment, ensuring the best chance of detectin the effect of the indepedent variable |
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types of variables |
dependent independent standardized |
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control group |
is the normal group and provides basis for comparison |
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control groups might receive a |
placebo |
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placebo |
fake substance |
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statistical significance |
the probability that the results arose purely by chance |
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experimental design consists of |
sample sizes, variables, controls, and statistial analysis |
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theory |
an explanation for a natural phenomenon ... broader than a hypothesis ... theories ususally ecnompass multiple hypothesis |
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theories reflect |
broader agreement than hypothesis generate |
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every scientific theory is |
falsifiable, ability to be proved wrong |
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a good theory |
ties together many exisiting ovsercations and suggests predictions about phenomena that have yet to be observed |
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many theories are so widely accepted that they are |
supported as a fact |
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evolution is both |
fact and theory |
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limitations of scientific inquiries |
-multiple interpretations -misinterpretations -science community slow to accept new evidence that sggests unexpevte conclusions |
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what is the differene between a hypothesis and a theory |
theories are more broad ideas and typically there are multiple hypotheses in a theory. and theorys tend to be more widely accepted |
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what are some limitations of scientific inquiry |
misinterpretations and multiple interpretations |
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the orchid nd the moth story illustrates |
how science is a process over years and how theories lead to testable predictions |
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what is life |
the combination of: organization, energy use, ability to maintain constancy, ability to reproduce and develop, and ability to evolve |
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emergent properties |
arise from interactions between the parts that make up an organism |
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producers |
make their own food, using energy extracted from non living environment |
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the result of natural selection is |
adapatations |
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adaptations |
are features that enhance reproductive success |
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evolution illustrates |
how all organism are diverse yet similar |
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taxonomy |
is the science of classification |
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genus consists of |
closely related species |
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two broadest taxonomic levels are |
domain and kingdom |
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3 domains of life are |
archaea, bacteria, and eukarya |
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science involves |
observine, questioning, reasoning, predicting, testing, interpreting, concluding, and posing further questions |
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scientific inquiry is when scientist |
makes an observation, reaises questions about it, and uses reason to construct a testable explanation ( hypothesis) |
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predictions should follow a |
hypothesis |
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statistically significant if results are |
unlikely to be due to chance |
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theories are |
omprehensive explanations |
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all of the following are characteristics of life EXCEPT a. evolution b. reproduction c. homeostasis d. multicellularity |
D |
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Which property of life can a scientist directly observe in a single plant fossil? A. homeostasis B. organization c. energy use d. growth |
B |
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which of the follwing lists is ordered from smallest to largest? (individual is organism) a. cell<tissue<organelle<indidvidual<community b. community<population<ecosystem<biosphere c. organelle<cell<organ<individual<population d. individual< eosystem<community<biosphere |
C |
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because plants extract nutrients from soil and use sunlight as an energy source, they are considered to be... a. autotrophs b. consumers c. heterotrophs d. decomposers |
A |
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evolution through natural selection will occur most rapidly for populations of plants that a. are already well adapted to the environment b. live in an unchanging environment c. are in the same genus d. reproduce sexually and live in an unstable enviornment |
D |
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which of the following statements is true a. two of the three domains contain eukaryotes b. the three main branches of life are animals, plants, and fungi c. humans and plants share the same domain d. two species in the same genus can be in different domains |
C |
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in an experiment to test the effect of temperature on the rate of bacterial reproduction, temperature would be the a. standardized variable b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. control variable |
B. independent variable |
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what is the role of a placebo in medical research? a. it ensures that all patients in a study have the same illness b. it is the highest possible value of the dependdnt variable c. it is a standardized treatment given to all patients d. it is given to some patients as a control |
D |
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can a theory be proved wrong |
yes, a new observation or interpretation of data could disprove a theory |
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whichc of the following questions can NOT be answered using the scientific method? a. what was the first living organism on earth? b. does a particular gene influence aging in mice? c. how does migration affect the reproductive success of monarch butterflies? d. how does coastal development affect wetland biodiversity? |
A |
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which kingdoms contain eukaryotic organisms |
fungi, animalia, plantae, protista |
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scientific method |
observe, question, hypothesize, experiment, conclude |
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standardized variable example is |
age of subjects |
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What are the elements of a controlled experiment? |
Variables, hypothesis, experiment, observe, data, and controls |
