Biology Chapter 1

Front 1

Actin

Back 1

Muscle protein making up the thin filaments in a sarcomere yielding muscle contraction
play a new role in the movement of the cell and its organelles

Front 2

Apoptosis

Back 2

programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death & destruction of the cell

Front 3

Bacillus

Back 3

Rod shaped bacteria

Front 4

Basal Body

Back 4

Cytoplasmic structure that is located at the base & may organize cilia or flagella

Front 5

Capsule

Back 5

Gelentinous layer surrounding the cells of blue green algae & certain bacteria

Front 6

Cell

Back 6

smallest unit that displays the properties of life.
compsed of cytoplasm surrounding by a plasma membrane

Front 7

cell envelope

Back 7

in a prokaryotic cell, the portion composed of the plasma membrane,the cell weall, and the glycocalyx

Front 8

cell theory

Back 8

one of the major theories of biology which states all organisms are made up of cells
self reproduction
come from preexisting cells

Front 9

Cell Wall

Back 9

structure that surrounds a plant protistan, fungal, or bacteria cell & maintains cell's shape & rigidity

Front 10

Cell Vacuole

Back 10

in a plant cell, a large fluid filled sac that stores metabolites. during growth it enlarges, forcing the primary cell wall to expand & the cell surface to volume ratio to increase

Front 11

centriole

Back 11

cell organelle, existing in pairs that occurs in teh centrosome & may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division

Front 12

centrisome

Back 12

central microtubal organizing center of cells. in animal cells it contains 2 centrioles

Front 13

chloroplast

Back 13

membrane bound organelle in algae & plants w/ chrolophyll containing membranes thylakoids where photosynthesis takes place

Front 14

chromatin

Back 14

network of fibrils consisting of DNA & associated proteins observed w/i a nucleus that is not dividing

Front 15

chromosome

Back 15

structure consisting of DNA complexed w/ proteins that transmits genetic info from teh previos generation of cells and organisms to the next generation

Front 16

cilium

Back 16

short hairlike projection from the plasma membrane occurring usually in larger numbers

Front 17

coccus

Back 17

a spherical shaped bacterium

Front 18

cristae

Back 18

short fingerlike projections formed by the folding of the inner membrane of mitocondria

Front 19

cyanobacteria

Back 19

photosynthetic bacterium that contains cholorophyll and releases oxygen formally called a blue green algae

Front 20

cytoplasm

Back 20

contents of a cell between the nucleus region of bacteria and the plasma membrane

Front 21

cytoskeleton

Back 21

internal framework of the cell consisting of mucrotubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments

Front 22

endomembrane system

Back 22

consists of the nuclear envelope, the membranes of the endoplasmic recticulum, the golgi apparatus, and several tpes pf vescicles

Front 23

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 23

system of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm often with attached ribosomes

Front 24

eukaryotic cell

Back 24

type of cell that has a membrane bounded nucleus and membranous oranelles; found in organisms within the domain Eukarya

Front 25

fimbriae

Back 25

fingerlike extension from the oviduct near the ovary

Front 26

flagellum

Back 26

long slender extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm

Front 27

glycocalyx

Back 27

gel-like coating outside the cell wall of a bacteruim. if compact it is called a capsule if diffused it is called a slime layer

Front 28

golgi apparatus

Back 28

organelle consisting of saccules and vesicles that processes, packages, and ditributes molecules about or from the cell

Front 29

granum

Back 29

stack of cholorphyll containing thylakoids in a chloroplast

Front 30

inclusion body

Back 30

in a bacterium strored nutrients for later use

Front 31

intermediate filament

Back 31

ropelike assemblies of fiborous polypeptides in the cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells; so called because they are intermediate in size between atin filaments and microtubules

Front 32

lysosome

Back 32

membrane bounded vesicle that contains hydrolytic enymes for digesting macromolecuels

Front 33

matrix

Back 33

unstructured semifluid substance that fills the space between cells in connectice tissues or inside organelles

Front 34

mesosome

Back 34

ina bacteria plasma membrane that folds into the cytoplasm and increases surface area

Front 35

microtubule

Back 35

small cyndryical organellecomposed of tubulin protein around an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm centrioles cilia and flagella

Front 36

mitochondrion

Back 36

membrane bounded organelle in which atp molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration

Front 37

motor molecule

Back 37

protein that moves along either actin filaments or microtubules and tranlocates oranelles

Front 38

nuclear envelope

Back 38

dbl membrane that surrounds the nucleous in eukaryotic cells nd is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum has pores that allow substances to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Front 39

nuclear pore

Back 39

opening in the nucleur envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomeal subunits out of the nucleus

Front 40

nucleoid

Back 40

region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located it is not bounded by a nucleur envelope

Front 41

nucleolus

Back 41

dark staining spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits

Front 42

nucleoplasm

Back 42

semifluid medium of the nucleus containing chromatin

Front 43

nucleus

Back 43

membrane bounded organelle within a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and control the structure and function of the cell

Front 44

organelle

Back 44

small often membranous structures structure in the cytoplams having a specific structure and function

Front 45

peroxisome

Back 45

enzzyme filled cesicle in which faty acids and amino acids are metabolied to hydrogen peroxide that is broken down to harmless product

Front 46

plasma membrane

Back 46

membrane surrounding the cytoplasma that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from cell

Front 47

plasmid

Back 47

self duplicating rin of accessory DNA in the cytoplasm of bacteria

Front 48

polyribosome

Back 48

string of ribosomes simultansously tranlating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein sysnthesis

Front 49

prokaryotic cell

Back 49

lacking a membrane bounded nucleus and organelles the cell type within the domains bacteria and archaea

Front 50

pseudopod

Back 50

cytoplasmic extension of amoeboid protists used for locomotion and engulfing food

Front 51

ribosome

Back 51

rna and protein in 2 subunits site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

Front 52

rough er

Back 52

membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells; has attached ribosomes

Front 53

secretion

Back 53

release of a substance by exocytosis from a cell that may be a gland or part of a gland

Front 54

sex pili

Back 54

in a bacterium elongated hollow appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells

Front 55

smooth er

Back 55

membranous system of tubules vesicles and save in eukyotic cells lacks attached ribosomes

Front 56

spririlla

Back 56

logn rod shaped bacterium that is twisted into a rigid spiral if the spiral is flexible rather than rigid it is calleda spirochete

Front 57

stroma

Back 57

fluid within a chrolopast that contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis

Front 58

surface area to volume ratio

Back 58

ratio of a cell's outside area to its internal volume

Front 59

thylakoid

Back 59

flattened sac within a granum whose membrance contains chlorophyll and where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur

Front 60

vacuole

Back 60

membrane bounded sac larger than a vesicle usually funtions in storage and can contain a variety of substances. in plants the central vacuole fills much of the interior of the cell

Front 61

vesicle

Back 61

small membrane bounded sav that stores substances within a cell

Front 62

cell

Back 62

smallest most basic unit of life

Front 63

multicellular organisms

Back 63

similar cells combine to form tissue

Front 64

energy

Back 64

capacity to do work

Front 65

metabolism

Back 65

encompass all the chemical reactions that occue within a cell

Front 66

photosynthesis

Back 66

process which transforms solar energy into chemical energy in the bonds of organic nutrient molecules

Front 67

homeostasis

Back 67

maintanence of internal conditions within certain boundaries

Front 68

reproduce

Back 68

ability make another organism like itself

Front 69

genes

Back 69

contain certina info for how the organism is to be formed - long molecules of DNA

Front 70

adaptations

Back 70

modifications that make organisms suited to their way of life

Front 71

species

Back 71

group of interbreeding individuals

Front 72

natural selection

Back 72

organisms become modified over time bu this process to become better suited to their surroundings

Front 73

evolution

Back 73

1 species common ancestor to several species

Front 74

biosphere

Back 74

organism of life beyond the individual
zone of air land and water at teh surface of teh earth where living organisms are found

Front 75

population

Back 75

all members of a species within a particular area

Front 76

community

Back 76

populations interact among themselves

Front 77

ecosystem

Back 77

community interacs with physical environment

Front 78

biodiversity

Back 78

total # of species the variability of their genes & ecosystems where they live

Front 79

extinction

Back 79

death of a species or larger taxonomic group

Front 80

taxonomy

Back 80

discipline of identifying & classification organisms according to certain rules

Front 81

categories of classification - least to most inclusive

Back 81

species - genus- family - order - class - phylum - kingdom - domain
each gets more distinct

Front 82

domain

Back 82

bacteria - unicellular
archaea - unicellular
eukarya - membrane bound nucleus

Front 83

kingdoms

Back 83

protists -
fungi
plants -
animals

Front 84

binomial name

Back 84

1st - genus
2nd - specific epithet w/i a genus

Front 85

biology

Back 85

study of life

Front 86

scientific process

Back 86

observation
hypothesis
experiments
conclusion

Front 87

phenomeon

Back 87

natureal event that can be understood more fully in time

Front 88

observations

Back 88

use all senses
use others data
chance

Front 89

inductive reasoning

Back 89

creative thinking to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole

Front 90

hypothesis

Back 90

possible explanation for a natural event presented as a statement - can be tested

Front 91

deductive reasoning

Back 91

if then logic determine how to test hyposthesis

Front 92

prediction

Back 92

part of deductive reasoning tells helps scientists to know what to do next

Front 93

experimental design

Back 93

manner in which he intends to conduct an experiment testing what they want to test & results are meaningful

Front 94

control group or control

Back 94

goes through allthe steps of the experiment but lacks the factor/or not exposed to the factor

Front 95

model

Back 95

representation of actual object - computer simulation or dummys for a crash test

Front 96

data

Back 96

results of an experiment observable & objective not subjective

Front 97

conclusion

Back 97

is hypothesis correct? can lead to another hypothesis - must be repeatable

Front 98

scientific theories

Back 98

concepts that join together well supported & related hypothesis

Front 99

biogenesis

Back 99

life only comes from life

Front 100

principle or law

Back 100

theories that are generally accepted by overwhelming # of scientists

Front 101

experimental variable

Back 101

component being tested

Front 102

dependant variable

Back 102

results or change that occurs due to experimental variable