Biology Chapt 24

Front 1

what are the 6 basic process of the digestive system?

Back 1

Ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation.

Front 2

4 layers of the GI tract

Back 2

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

Front 3

3 tissue layers of the mucosa

Back 3

epithelium, llamina propria, muscularis mucosae

Front 4

What trissue forms the submucosa layer?

Back 4

Areolar connective tissue

Front 5

Why is submucosa called the "Brain of the gut?"

Back 5

Consists of 100 million neurons that extend from the esophagus to the anus.

Front 6

2 smooth muscle layers of the muscularis layer

Back 6

skeletal and smooth muscle

Front 7

What is found between the smooth layers of the muscularis?

Back 7

myenteric plexus

Front 8

What type of tissue forms the serosa layer?

Back 8

areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium

Front 9

What are the two layers of tissue that form the peritoneum and their functions?

Back 9

parietal: lines wall
visceral: covers some organs

Front 10

Where is peritoneal cavity located and what does it contain?

Back 10

slim space between two layers and contains serous fluid.

Front 11

Define retroperitoneal.
List two organs

Back 11

on posterior abdominal wall.
Kidneys and pancreas

Front 12

What is the largest peritoneal fold? Function?

Back 12

Greater omentum
binds organs together and attaches them to the abdominal wall

Front 13

Function of lesser omentum

Back 13

suspends stomach and duodenum

Front 14

Function of mesentery

Back 14

binds small intestine to the posteior abdominal wall to wrap around the small intestine

Front 15

Two other names for the mouth

Back 15

oral or buccal cavity

Front 16

What is the midline fold of musous membrane attaching the inner surface of the lip to the gum?

Back 16

labial frenulum

Front 17

What is the vestibule?

Back 17

Enterence to the canal

Front 18

What bones form the hard palate?

Back 18

maxillae and palatine bones

Front 19

What tissue forms the soft palate and uvula?

Back 19

muscle

Front 20

What are the 3 major pairs of salivary glands?

Back 20

parotid, submadibular, and sublingual

Front 21

What causes mumps?

Back 21

inflamation and enlargement of the parotid glands caused by the paramyxovirus

Front 22

What are the papillae of the tongue?

Back 22

projections of the lamina propria covered w/keratinized epithelium

Front 23

what do many papilae contain

Back 23

Taste buds or receptors for touch

Front 24

4 types of papillae

Back 24

vallate, fungiform, foliate, filiform

Front 25

What enzyme is secreted by the lingual glands? What does it act on?

Back 25

lingual lipase; triglycerides

Front 26

3 major regions of a typical tooth

Back 26

Crown, neck, root

Front 27

What covers the dentin of the tooth crown? What is unique?

Back 27

enamel made of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate. Harder than bon, hardest substance in the body

Front 28

What covers the dentin of the root of the tooth? Function?

Back 28

cementum, attaches the root to the periodontal ligament

Front 29

What are the 2 sets of teeth in the human?

Back 29

deciduous and permanent

Front 30

What is another term for swallowing?

Back 30

deglutition

Front 31

Where is the nerve center that controlls swallowing

Back 31

madulla oblangata

Front 32

Whst is the name of the opening through the diaphram that the esophagus opens

Back 32

esophageal hiatus

Front 33

Functions and location of esophageal sphincters

Back 33

Upper regulates movement of food from pharynx into esophagus; Lower regulates movement of food from esophagus to the stomach.

Front 34

peristalsis

Back 34

coordinated contractions pushing bolus down.

Front 35

Gerd

Back 35

gastrosophageal reflux disease; lower sphincter fails to close causing contents to back up into esophagus.

Front 36

4 major regions of stomach

Back 36

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

Front 37

Where is pyloric sphincter
function

Back 37

connects pylorus and duodenum; allows bolus to pass into small intestines

Front 38

Rugae
function

Back 38

large folds in the stomach; increases surface

Front 39

5 types of gastric cells and types and secretions

Back 39

surface mucous-mucus
mucus neck-mucus
parietal cell-hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
chief-pepsinogen and gastric lipase
hormone procusing G cells-gastrin

Front 40

Cell secretes iabsontrinsic factor and function

Back 40

parietal; absorption of vit B12 which is used in red blood cell formation

Front 41

Why muscularis layer different

Back 41

3 layers of smooth muscles

Front 42

3 regions of pancreas

Back 42

tail body head

Front 43

Hormones secreted by the pancreas

Back 43

glycagon- increase blood sugar level,
insulin-lowers bs lever, somatostatin-inhibits release of insulin, pancreatic polypeptide-inhibits gallbladder contrction

Front 44

cells in pancrease produceing hormones

Back 44

A cells -glucogon
B cells-insulin
d cells-somatastatin
F cells-pancreatic polypeptide

Front 45

How many lobes of the liver and what separates them

Back 45

right and left lobes, falciform ligament

Front 46

functional units of the liver

Back 46

lobules

Front 47

specialized epithelial cells of the liver lobules

Back 47

hepatocytes

Front 48

sinusoids

Back 48

highly permeable cappillaries that blood passes

Front 49

what are specialized epithelial cells of liver lobules

Back 49

hepatocytes

Front 50

what is the function of stellate reticuliendothelial (kupffer) cells of the liver

Back 50

fixed phagocytes which destroy worn out white blood cells and red bloodcells, bacteria

Front 51

what structures of the liver secrete bile

Back 51

hepatocytes