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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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monomer that makes up starch
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glucose
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energy storage polysaacharide found in plants
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starch
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Level of protein folding that consists of the amino acid sequence
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primary
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linkage the connects fatty acids to glycerol in fats
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ester
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amphipathic molecule the comprises cell membrabnes
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phospholipid
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linkage that connects polysaccharides
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Glycodic
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Type of reaction that makes polymers
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dehydration
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Name for the shape of DNA
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double helix
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Protein that aids in the final folding of polypeptides
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chaperonin
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Type of reaction that breaks down Polymers
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hydrolosis
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type of fat that is liquid at room temperature
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unsaturated fat
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class of molecules composed of amino acids
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proteins
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type of protein that speeds up cheimal reactions
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enzyme
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class of molecules that that is composed of nucleotides
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nucleic acid
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structural polysaccharide found in plants
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cellulose
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energy storage polysaccharides found in animals
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glycogen
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type of fat that has no double bonds in its fatty acid tails
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saturated
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level of protein folding that results from two or more polypeptides joining
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quaternary
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class of molecules including monosaccharides and polysaccharides
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carbohydrates
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makes up head of phospholipid
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phosphate
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bond that connects amino acids together
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peptide
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level of protein folding consisting of alpha coild adn beta folds
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secondary
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structural polysaccharide found in insects
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chitin
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Bond that connects nucleotides
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phosphodiester
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class of molecules that consists of hydrophobic molecules
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lipid
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cell with a cell membrane that separates the DNA; has organelles
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eukaryotic cell
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cell with cell membrane that does not separate the DNA and does not have organelles
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prokaryotic cell
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What 3 things do all cells have?
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cell/plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA
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system in which electrons are taken away and the process is slowed
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negative feedback
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system in which the end product speeds up production
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positive feedback
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Name the 3 domains and what type of cell makes up the group
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Bacteria(prok), Achaea(prok), and Eukarya(Euk)
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Name the six kingdoms and what type of cell makes up the group
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bacteria, achaea, (prok) protista, animalia, plantae, fungi (euk)
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What are the 3 subatomic particles and their charges?
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proton (+) neutron (=) electron (-)
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how do you predict the number the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an element?
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proton- atomic number
electron- atomic number neutron- atomic mass-atomic number |
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electrons in the outermost part of the cell.
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valence electrons
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What are the two types of ions and how do you predict what kind it is?
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Cation- (+)
anion- (-) |
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strength of an atom's attraction for electrons. which elements have the strongest
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electronegativity. far right side of periodic table
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What are ALL the types of bonds, and which are the strongest?
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covalent- shares electrons
-polar- unequal -non-polar- equal ionic- transferring of electrons hydrogen-formed between two covalently bonded hydrogens |
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making and breaking of chemical bonds
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chemical reaction
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starting molecules
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reactants
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final molecules
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products
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when forward/reverse reactions are equal.
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chemical equilibrium
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What are the 4 emergent properties of water?
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Cohesion- H bonds in water molecules together
moderation of temp.- water temp is relatively stable ice floats- less dense than water solvent of life- most things dissolve |
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water hating; water loving
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hydrophobic; hydrophilic
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when pH is higher; when pH is lower
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Acid; base
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what is the study of carbon compounds?
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organic chemistry
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What is a hydrocarbon?
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made of only hydrogen and carbon; except methyl
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What are the 7 functional groups
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methyl, amino acid, carboxyl, carbonyl, phosphate, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl
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N
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amino
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H
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carbonyl
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HO
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carboxyl
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P
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phosphate
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S
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Sulfhydryl
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CH3
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methyl
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OH
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hydroxyl
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What are the 4 classes of molecules?
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Lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins
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Name the characteristics of lipids and examples
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-hydrophobic
-mostly hydrocarbon -DONT form polymers examples: fats, phospholipids, and steroids(cholesterol) |
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what is made of a glycerol head(phosphate) what does it have 3 of? and what linkage connects them?
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triglycerides, has 3 fatty acid tails, and linked by ester
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what cushions the vital organs and insulates the body
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adipose tissue
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fat with the maximum of hydrogens (no double bonds)
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saturated fats
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fat with 1 or more double bonds
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unsaturated fats
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which type of fatty acid is liquid at room temp?
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unsaturated
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what is a phospholipid and what does amphipathic mean?
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a phospholipid is the major component of all cell membranes; amphipathic means 2 parts- hydrophobic and philic
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describe a phospholipid: the parts, what theyre made of
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glycerol head made of phosphate that is hydrophilic, two fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic
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what is a small building block of a molecule?
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monomer
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what is a long molecule made up of monomers stuck together?
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polymer
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what is the process when 2 monomers bond together and a water molecule is lost.
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dehydration
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What is the breaking of water in which phosphate is released?
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hydrolysis
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which 3 classes are polymers?
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carbs, proteins, nucleic acids
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What is a single sugared monomer called?
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monosaccharide
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what is a polymer composed of many sugar monomers?
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polysaccharide
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What is it called when two monosaccharides join?
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disaccharide
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what is the covalent bond between monosaccharides?
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glycosidic linkage
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How do you identify carbohydrates?
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hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen only
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What is the chemical formula for glucose?
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C6H12O6
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what are a protein's 6 functions?
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-structural support
-storage -transport -cellular communications -movement -defense against foreign substances |
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What is the structure of amino acids?
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1 or more polypeptides coiled, twisted, and folded into a unique shape
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What are polymers built from amino acids and what are they linked by?
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polypeptides; peptide bonds
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what is the loss of protein's native structure; becomes biologically inactive
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denaturation
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What causes a sickled cell to form?
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single amino acid change in protein hemoglobin
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name the 5 differences between RNA and DNA
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1.DNA-double stranded..RNA-single
2.DNA-Directs cell processes.. RNA-Protein synthesis 3.DNA-A,T,G,C..RNA-A,U,G,C 4.DNA-deoxrybose..RNA-Ribose 5.DNA-long..RNA-short |
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What are nucleotides made of? (3)
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phosphate group
sugar nitrogenous base |
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what are the 5 nucleotide bases and their pairs?
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T(U)-A
G-C |
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Explain DNA replication
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DNA makes mRNA that can travel outside the nucleus to break up and make proteins
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what is transcription?
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when DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA
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what is translation?
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when mRNA read by ribosomes to make proteins
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what is a double helix composed of?
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2 polynucleotides spiral around an imaginary axis. end run in opposite directions.
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Made of elements; anything that takes up space and has mass
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matter
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substances that cant be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
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elements
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smallest unit of matter that still remains properties of an element
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atom
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substance made up of two or more elements
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compound
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required in minute qualities for life
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trace elements
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What are the most abundant elements in the human body?
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Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon
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Two atoms of an element that differ in # of neutrons
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isotopes
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