Biology Ch47 Cambell

Front 1

zona pellucida

Back 1

extracellular matrix of ovum (egg), made of a peptide layer

Front 2

Secondary oocyte

Back 2

ovum at ovulation, still in oviduct, uterus is ready for impregnation

Front 3

Sperm 3 parts

Back 3

1. tail ( flagella) plasma membrane
2. mid peice also called the basal body carries the mitochondria and can help with ATP for movement of the tail.
3. head carries the nucleus of the sperm and a vessicle containing the acrosome enzyme

Front 4

Acrosome enzyme

Back 4

enzyme within the head of the sperm that is hydrolitic helpint the sperm through the zona of pellucida layer of the ovum.

Front 5

Cortical reaction

Back 5

the cortical granuals in the ovum react moving into the zona of pellucida layer to harden it and prevent poly sperme

Front 6

Ovum

Back 6

the female reproductive cell, 1n or haploid

Front 7

Sperm

Back 7

male reproductive cell, 1n or haploid

Front 8

fertilization

Back 8

the creation of a zygote, this needs a sperm and egg to complete, the zygote is a 2n or diploid organism

Front 9

fertilization functions

Back 9

1. to create a 2n/diploid zygote
2. activation of the ovum - increased metabolism, protien and mRNA synthesis, capacitation

Front 10

capacitation

Back 10

sperm undergoes a change in the female reproductive tract enabling it to then penetrate and fertalize the egg

Front 11

cleavage

Back 11

rapid series of cell divisions to produce a multi-cellular embryo ( blastula) from the zygote, and point of cleavage is a blastula

Front 12

blastula

Back 12

ball of cells with a hollow center

Front 13

blastcoel

Back 13

the hollow in the center of the blastula

Front 14

meroblastic cleavage

Back 14

incomplete cleavage or division of a yolk rich egg, cell division is restricted to the animal pole of the embryo characteristic of avain eggs.

Front 15

holoblastic

Back 15

cleavage of an egg having little yolk, cleavage extends from one pole of the embryo to the other

Front 16

gastrilation

Back 16

migration and in-folding of cells inthe blastula to form three disctinct cell layers, the end pointis gastrula

Front 17

ectoderm

Back 17

forms the outer layer of the gastrula

Front 18

endoderm

Back 18

lines the embryonic digestive tract

Front 19

mesoderm

Back 19

partailly fills the space between the ectoderm and endoderm.

Front 20

embryonic germ layers

Back 20

the three layers produced by gastrulation also called embryonic tissues

Front 21

animal pole

Back 21

the part of the egg that has less yolk in it usually found in telolithical eggs

Front 22

vegital pole

Back 22

yolk is concentrated at the pole of the telolithical eggs

Front 23

telolithical

Back 23

having a large yolk situated at or near one end, meroblastic cleavage

Front 24

isolithical

Back 24

eggs with small amounts of evenly distributed yolk , holoblastic cleavage

Front 25

blastomere

Back 25

cells of the blastula

Front 26

archenteron

Back 26

the primitive gut in the blastula

Front 27

stages of gastrulation

Back 27

surface cells migrate into the interior of the embryo in involution, involution cells form the new internal cavity called the archtenteron, the archtenteron opens to the outside through the blastopore.

Front 28

deuterosomes

Back 28

the blastopore becomes the anus

Front 29

protosomes

Back 29

the blastopore becomes the mouth

Front 30

neurulation stages

Back 30

late in gastrulation the hollow neural tube begins formation, this is a chordate process, the nural plate is formes first, the center of the plate sinks to form the groove, while the edges lift to form the folds, these folds move toward each other and eventually fuse to form the neural tube. the anterior end turns into the brain the posterior end turns into the spinal chord.