Biology Ch.3-5, 8

Front 1

What is a major reason the earth is habitatable?

Back 1

water

Front 2

polar molecule

Back 2

shaped something like a wide v, the opposite ends of the molecule have opposite charges. Water is an example of this

Front 3

cohesion

Back 3

hydrogen bonds hold the substance together. This contributes to transport of water and dissolve nutrients agains gravity in plants.

Front 4

adhesion

Back 4

the clinging of one substance to another. This helps counter gravity from pulling down cell walls

Front 5

surface tension

Back 5

a measure of how difficult it si to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has more of this than other liquids.

Front 6

What does water do to temperature?

Back 6

it moderates it by absorbing heat from air that is wormer and releasing the stored heat to air that is cooler

Front 7

kinetic energy

Back 7

the energy of motion. The faster a molecule moves, the greater this is.

Front 8

heat

Back 8

the measure of the total amoun of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter

Front 9

Temperature

Back 9

Measures the intesity fo heat due to the average kinetic energy of the molecules

Front 10

calorie (cal)

Back 10

the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 celsius degree

Front 11

Joule

Back 11

another energy unit in the book that equals .239 cal

Front 12

specific heat

Back 12

the amount of heat that must be absorbedor lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temrerature by 1 C

Front 13

Where does water's specific heat come from?

Back 13

Hydrogen bonding

Front 14

Because organisms are made primarily of water, they are more able

Back 14

to resistchanges in their own temperature

Front 15

evaporation

Back 15

thransformatin from liquid to a gas

Front 16

heat of vaporization

Back 16

the quantity of heat a liquid must absorg for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to gaseous state

Front 17

water's high heat of vaporization helps what?

Back 17

moderate Earth's climate

Front 18

evaporative cooling

Back 18

the survace of the liquid that remains behind and cools down. It occurs because the "hottest" molecules, or those with the greatest kinetic energy, are the most likely to leave as a gas

Front 19

Water is one fo the few substances that does what as a solid?

Back 19

water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid

Front 20

solution

Back 20

a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Front 21

solvent

Back 21

the dissovling agent of a solution

Front 22

solute

Back 22

substance that is dissolved

Front 23

aqueous solution

Back 23

one in which the water is the solvent

Front 24

hydration shell

Back 24

the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

Front 25

hydrophilic

Back 25

whether ionic or polar, any substance that has an affinity for water. The substances don't have to dissolve to be this.

Front 26

colloid

Back 26

large molecules that remain suspended in the aqueous liquid of the cell

Front 27

hydrophobic

Back 27

substances that are nonionic and nonpolar that seem to repel water

Front 28

molecular mass

Back 28

the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule

Front 29

mole (mol)

Back 29

also known as Avogadro's number;

6.02x10^23

Front 30

Molarity

Back 30

the number of moles of solute per liter of solution; it is the unit of concentration most often used

Front 31

hydrogen ion

Back 31

a single proton with a charge of 1+. This is left when the hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind.

Front 32

hydroxide ion (OH-)

Back 32

the water molecule that lost its proton; it has the charge of 1-

Front 33

acid

Back 33

substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution; values 0 upto 7 on the pH scale. On it's side [H+]>[OH-]

Front 34

base

Back 34

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Values of 14 down to 7 on the pH scale; On it's side, [H+]<[OH-]

Front 35

What does each pH unit equal?

Back 35

a tenfold difference in the H+ and OH- concentrations

Front 36

acid percipitation

Back 36

refers to rain, snow or fog with a pH lower or more acidic than pH 5.6

Front 37

buffers

Back 37

substances that minimze changes in the concetrations of H+ and OH- in a solution. It works by accepting hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess and donating hydrogen ions to the solution when they have been depleted. Examples of these include carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Front 38

when is the pH neutral?

Back 38

pH 7

Front 39

organic chemistry

Back 39

the branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds

Front 40

What is HONC?

Back 40

valences

Hydrogen=1
Oxygen=2
Nitrogen=3
Carbon=4

Front 41

hydrocarbons

Back 41

organic molecules that consist only of carbon and hydrogen. These include methane, ethane, and ethylene

Front 42

isomers

Back 42

variation in the architecture of organic molecules when the compounds have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures, and thus, different properties.

Front 43

structural isomers

Back 43

same formula, but different structures and covalent arrangements in their atoms

Front 44

geometric isomers

Back 44

double bond with carbon; differ in spatial arrangements; two types

CIS: same elemet on the same side

TRANS: Two elements on opposite sides

Front 45

enantionmers

Back 45

mirrior images that are non superimposable (think of your thumbs when you put your hands on top of each other)

Front 46

methyl

Back 46

used in organic chemistry

Front 47

functional groups

Back 47

components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reations

Front 48

hydroxyl

Back 48

OH
compound: alcohol

Front 49

carboxyl

Back 49

COOH
compound: caroxylic acid
function: makes solutions acidic

Front 50

carbonyl

Back 50

compound: ketones
function: ketone bodies (urine)

Front 51

amino

Back 51

NH2
compound: amino
function: makes solutions basic

Front 52

phosphate

Back 52

PO4
compund:organic phosphate
function: ATP, phosolipid bilayer (plasma membrane)

Front 53

sulfhydryl

Back 53

SH
compound: thiols
function: proteins

Front 54

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Back 54

the primary energy transferring molecule in the cell, it is a more complicated organic phosphate and when it loses one phosphate it becomes ADP instead

Front 55

monosaccharides

Back 55

These have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O.
Glucose is an example of this, which is a major nutrient for cells

Front 56

tryclycerol

Back 56

three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

Front 57

polynucleotide

Back 57

molecular mass

Front 58

joule (j)

Back 58

unit of energy 1 j= .239 cal
1 cal= 4.184 j

Front 59

phosphate group

Back 59

a functional group important in energy transfer

Front 60

denaturation

Back 60

In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme condition of pH, salt concentration and temperature

Front 61

mole (mol)

Back 61

The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadros number of molecules

Front 62

hydrogen ion

Back 62

a single proton wiht a charge of +1. The dissociation of water molecule (H20) leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a hydrogen ion (H+).

Front 63

structural isomer

Back 63

one of several organic compoundsthat have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

Front 64

colloid

Back 64

a mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended in that liquid

Front 65

tertiary structure

Back 65

irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to inertation in the side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges

Front 66

acid precipitation

Back 66

rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6

Front 67

hydrophillic

Back 67

having an affinity for water

Front 68

cohesion

Back 68

the binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

Front 69

pyrimidine

Back 69

ONe of the two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Cytosine (C), thymine(T) and uracil (U) are pyrimidines

Front 70

amino group

Back 70

a functional group that consisit of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen atom and acquiring a charge of +1

Front 71

cellulose

Back 71

a structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta-1 and 4 glycosidic linkages

Front 72

lipid

Back 72

one family of compounds, including fats, phosopholipids and steroids, that are insoluble in water

Front 73

phospholipid

Back 73

a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer fo biological membaranes, having polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar hydrophobic tail

Front 74

solution

Back 74

liquid that is a homogeneous mixture fo two or more substances

Front 75

carbonyl group

Back 75

a functional group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom.

Front 76

fat (triacylglycerol)

Back 76

a biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

Front 77

hydroxyl group

Back 77

a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols

Front 78

hydration shell

Back 78

sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

Front 79

disulfide bridge

Back 79

a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer

Front 80

deoxyribose

Back 80

the sugar componenet of DNA having one less hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA

Front 81

isomer

Back 81

one of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types of isomers are structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers

Front 82

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 82

a doubles starnded, helical nucleic adid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins

Front 83

monomer

Back 83

the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

Front 84

cis

Back 84

arrangement of two noncarbon atoms, each bound to one of the carbons in carbon-carbon double bond, where two noncarbon atoms are on the same side relative to the double bond

Front 85

starch

Back 85

a storage polysaccaharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose

Front 86

primary structure

Back 86

the level of protein reffering to the specific sequence of amino acids

Front 87

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 87

a type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), quanine (G), and uracil; usually single stranded; functions in protein syntesis and as the genome of some viruses

Front 88

adhesion

Back 88

the attration between different kinds of molecules

Front 89

condensation reaction

Back 89

a reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other throught the loss of a small molecule, usually water, also called a dehydration reaction

Front 90

acid

Back 90

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

Front 91

chlosterol

Back 91

a steriod that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the syntesis of tother biologically important steroids

Front 92

trans

Back 92

arrangement of two noncarbon atoms, each bound to one of the carbons in carbon-carbon double bond, where the two non carbon atoms are on opposite sides relative to the double bond

Front 93

polar molecule

Back 93

a molecule such as water with opposite charges on opposite sides

Front 94

monosaccharide

Back 94

the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. ALso known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH2O

Front 95

glycosidic linkage

Back 95

a covalent bond formed between two mono saccarides by a dehydration reaction

Front 96

macromolecule

Back 96

a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by condesnastion reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules

Front 97

base

Back 97

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

Front 98

double helix

Back 98

the of native DNA, reffering to its adjacent polynucleotide strnads wound into a spiral shape

Front 99

polymer

Back 99

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monommers linked together

Front 100

chaperonin

Back 100

a protein molecule that assists the proper folding of other proteins

Front 101

nucleotide

Back 101

The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and phosphate group

Front 102

hydroxide ion

Back 102

a water molecule that has lost a proton

Front 103

antiparallel

Back 103

the opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix

Front 104

chitin

Back 104

a strucural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons of all anthropods

Front 105

kinetic energy

Back 105

the energy of motion, which is directly related ot the speed of that motion. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter

Front 106

unsaturated fatty acid

Back 106

fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

Front 107

beta pleated sheet

Back 107

one form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds

Front 108

temperature

Back 108

a measure of intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules

Front 109

gene

Back 109

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA in some viruses)

Front 110

hydrolysis

Back 110

a chemical process that lyeses or splits molecules by the addition of water

Front 111

alpha helix

Back 111

a spiral shape constitution one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen bonding experience

Front 112

solvent

Back 112

the dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known

Front 113

sulfhydryl group

Back 113

a functional group consiting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (--SH)

Front 114

specific heat

Back 114

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g or a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree

Front 115

the binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

Back 115

cohesion

Front 116

hydrocarbon

Back 116

an organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Front 117

enantiomer

Back 117

one of two molecules that are mirror images of each other

Front 118

molecular mass

Back 118

the sum of the masses of all atoms in the molecule; sometimes called molecular weight

Front 119

geometric isomer

Back 119

one of several organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms

Front 120

double helix

Back 120

the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape

Front 121

evaporative cooling

Back 121

the property of liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state

Front 122

carboxyl group

Back 122

a functional group present in organic acids and consisting fo a single carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group

Front 123

disulfide bridge

Back 123

a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer

Front 124

fatty acid

Back 124

a long carbon chain carboxylic acid. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a clycerol molecule form fat

Front 125

dehydration reaction

Back 125

a chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule

Front 126

pH

Back 126

a meaure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14

Front 127

geometric isomer

Back 127

one of several organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms

Front 128

alpha helix

Back 128

a spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen bonding structure

Front 129

condesation reaction

Back 129

a reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to eaach other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water, also called dehydration reaction

Front 130

nucleotide

Back 130

the building block fo a nucleic acid consisting of a five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and phosphate group

Front 131

marcomolecule

Back 131

a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccaharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules

Front 132

secondary strcuture

Back 132

the localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages

Front 133

hydrophobic

Back 133

having an adversion to water; tending to calesce and form droplets in water

Front 134

peptide bond

Back 134

the covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction

Front 135

aqueous solution

Back 135

a solution in which the water is the solvent

Front 136

amino group

Back 136

a functional group that consist of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1

Front 137

hydroponic culture

Back 137

a method where plants are grown without soil by using mineral solutions

Front 138

denaturation

Back 138

in proteins, a process in which proteins unravel and lose its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. IN DNA, the separation fo the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature

Front 139

steroid

Back 139

a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached

Front 140

tertiary structure

Back 140

irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges

Front 141

hydrophobic interaction

Back 141

a type fo weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalsece to exclude the water

Front 142

hydroxyl group

Back 142

a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols

Front 143

acid

Back 143

substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

Front 144

unsaturated fatty acid

Back 144

a fatty acid possessiing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tails. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

Front 145

catalyst

Back 145

a chemical agent that changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Front 146

saturated fatty acid

Back 146

a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number fo hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton

Front 147

protein

Back 147

a three dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids

Front 148

disaccharide

Back 148

a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

Front 149

gene

Back 149

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

Front 150

carbohydrate

Back 150

a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)?

Front 151

fat(triacylglycerol)

Back 151

a biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

Front 152

surface tension

Back 152

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules

Front 153

quaternary structure

Back 153

the particular shape of complex aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide

Front 154

molarity

Back 154

a comon measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Front 155

buffer

Back 155

a substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes charges in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution

Front 156

enzyme

Back 156

protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Front 157

activation energy

Back 157

also known as free energy of activation

Front 158

substrate

Back 158

the ractant on which an enzyme works

Front 159

catalyst

Back 159

a chemical agent that changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Front 160

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Back 160

an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed

Front 161

metabolism

Back 161

the total of an organisms chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways

Front 162

cofactor

Back 162

any non-protein molecule or ion t hat is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. These can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate

Front 163

induced fit

Back 163

the change in shape fo the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by the entry of the substrate

Front 164

exergonic reaction

Back 164

a spontaneousl chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy

Front 165

metabolic pathway

Back 165

a series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway)

Front 166

entropy

Back 166

a quantitative measure of disorder or randomness, symbolized by S.

Front 167

competitive inhibitor

Back 167

a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by enetering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics

Front 168

active site

Back 168

the specifice prortion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds

Front 169

energy

Back 169

the capacity to do work (to move matter agains an opposing force)

Front 170

noncompetitive inhibitor

Back 170

a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate?

Front 171

thermodynamics

Back 171

(1) the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. (2) A phenomenon in which external DNA is taken up by a cell and functions there

Front 172

heat

Back 172

the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form.

Front 173

potential energy

Back 173

the energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangements

Front 174

energy coupling

Back 174

in cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

Front 175

free energy of activation

Back 175

the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called activation energy

Front 176

feedback inhibition

Back 176

s method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway

Front 177

first law of thermodynamics

Back 177

the principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

Front 178

cooperativity

Back 178

an interaction of the constituent subunits of a protein whereby a conformational change in one subunit is transmitted to all the others

Front 179

free energy

Back 179

the portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. The change in free energy of a system is calculated by the equation Delta G= Delta H - t Delta, where t is absolute temperature

Front 180

second law of thermodynamics

Back 180

the principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to h eat, and in spontaneous reactions, the free energy of the system also decreases

Front 181

kinetic energy

Back 181

the enrgy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter

Front 182

bioenergetics

Back 182

the flow of energy through an animal, taking into account the energy stored in the food it consumes, the energy being used for basic functions, activity, growth, reproduction, and regulation, and energy lost to the enviornment as heat or in waste

Front 183

anabolic pathway

Back 183

a metabolic pathway that syntesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds

Front 184

endergonic reaction

Back 184

a non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which fee energy is absorbed from the surroundings

Front 185

enzyme-substrate complex

Back 185

a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s)

Front 186

allosteric regulation

Back 186

the binding of a molecule to a single protein that affects the function of the protein at a different site

Front 187

coenzyme

Back 187

an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions

Front 188

catabolic pathway

Back 188

a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds

Front 189

chemical energy

Back 189

energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules; a form of potential energy

Front 190

phosphorylated

Back 190

referring to a molecule that has been the recipient of a phosphate group