Biology - Ch.2 The Chemistry Of Life

Front 1

basic unit of matter; "unable to cut"

Back 1

atom

Front 2

protons and neutrons bond together at the center of the atom

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nucleus

Front 3

negatively charged particle(-) that is in constant motion in the space surrounding the nucleus

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electron

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a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

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element

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atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain

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isotopes

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substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

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compound

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formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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ionic bond

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positively and negatively charged atoms

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ion

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forms when electrons are shared between atoms

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convalent bond

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smallest unit of most compounds

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molecule

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a slight attraction that can develop between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

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van der Waals forces

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an attraction between molecules of the same substance

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cohesion

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an attraction between molecules of different substances

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adhesion

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a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined

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mixture

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a type of mixture in which the ions gradually become dispersed in the water

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solution

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the substance that is dissolved

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solute

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the substance in which the solute dissolves

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solvent

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mixture in which some materials do not dissolve when placed in water but separate into pieces so small that they do not settle out

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suspentions

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a measurement system that indicates the concentration of H+ ions in solution

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pH scale

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any compound that forms H+ ions in solution

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acid

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a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH- ions) in solution

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base

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weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

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buffers

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small units that can join together to form polymers

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monomers

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large compound formed by the joining of smaller units

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polymers

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compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that are the main source of energy for living things

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carbohydrates

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single sugar molecules

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monosaccharides

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large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides

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polysaccharides

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a large and varied group of biological molecules that are generally not soluble in water, such as fats, oils, and waxes

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lipid

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macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus; polymers assembled from individual monomers

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nucleic acid

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monomer of nucleic acids that consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogeneous base

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nucleotides

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nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

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ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose

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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Front 33

macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; polymers of molecules called amino acids

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proteins

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compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end

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amino acid

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process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another

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chemical reaction

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the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

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reactants

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the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

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products

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the energy that is released to get a reaction started

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activation energy

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a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

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catalyst

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proteins that act as biological catalysts and speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells

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enzyme

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the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

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substrate

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Ionic bonds form ___ while covalent bonds form _____

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ions; molecules

Front 43

The attraction between the ____ atom on one water molecule and the ___ atom on another water molecule is an example of a _____ bond

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hydrogen; oxygen; hydrogen