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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What happens in oxidation?
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substance loses electrons
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what happens in reduction
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substance gains electrons (charge becomes reduced--more neg)
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define: reducing agent and oxidizing agent
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reducing agent: reduces the other substance, is oxidized itself (loses electrons to the other substance
oxidizing agent: 'steals' e- from other substance. |
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why are organic molecules with an abundance of H excellent fuels?
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bc their bonds are a source of "hilltop electrons" whose energy could be released as the electrons fall down an energy gradient as they are transferred to Oxygen
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NAD+
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a coenzyme is an e- acceptor so it functions as an oxidizing agent during respiration.
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What does the electron transport chain consist of?
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A number of molecules (proteins mostly) built into the inner membranes of a mitochondrion
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How to e- get to the transport chain?
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NADH transfers them there from food
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which end of the e- transport chain is high energy and which is low energy?
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the "top" (where the e- starts) is higher energy and at the "bottom" is lower energy
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what happens at the end of the e- transport chain?
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oxygen captures the e- and forms water with them and the H nuclei
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e- transfer from NADH to oxygen is an exer or endergonic reaction?
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exergonic--releases energy
but it does it in little steps so the energy is not wasted |
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summarize the e- transport chain movement of e-'s
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food --> NADH --> e- transport chain --> oxygen
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What is glycolysis and where does it occur
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breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. occurs in the cytosol
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what is the citric acid cycle and where does it occur?
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completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a pyruvate derivative to co2. occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
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What happens in the 3rd stage of respiration?
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the e- transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown prod of the 1st two stages and at the end of the chain, e- are combined with O and H to form water.
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where is the energy released at each step of the chain stored?
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in a form the mitochondrion can use to make ATP. (oxidative phosphorylation)
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substrate-level phosphorylation
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enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP, rather than adding an inorganic phosphate to ADP like in oxidative phosphorylation.
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Is NADH a powerful reducing or oxidizing agent?
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reducing agent
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per glucose molecule, how many ATPs does glycolysis produce? how many does citric acid cycle produce?
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2 ATP's each.
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What is the only member in the electron transport chain that is not a protein?
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Ubiquinone (Q)
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which complex does ubiquinone reside in?
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none, it is mobile within the membrane
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what is a cytochrome
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an iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains.
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What are the two reduced products of the citric acid cycle?
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FADH2 and NADH
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which complex (I-IV) is not a pump
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II
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how many protons per ATP
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3
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which complex reoxidizes FADH2
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complex II
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If you are fermenting, which step do you stop after?
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stop after glycolysis and use pyruvate to oxidate NADH
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how many ATP's per glucose does fermentation yield ?
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2
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in respiration, how many ATP, NADH and FADH2's are produced?
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4 ATP
10 NADH 2 FADH2 |
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How many H+'s come from NADH and FADH2?
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NADH produces 10 H+ each
FADH2 produces 6 H+ each |
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What is ATP synthase?
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a protein complex that uses the energy of an existing ion gradient to power ATP synthesis
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what is chemiosmosis?
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When energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as synthesis of ATP
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what is the function of the electron transport chain?
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creating an H+ gradient
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where on the mitochondrial membrane are H+'s freely permeable?
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only the ATP synthases
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How many ATP's total can you get from one glucose in respiration vs fermentation?
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respiration: about 35-40
fermentation: about 2 |
