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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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light microscopes (LM)
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an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens
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electron microscope (EM)
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focuses a beam of electrons instead of light through the specimen or onto the surface
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scanning electron microscope (SEM)
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used to scan the surface of cells
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transmission electron microscope (TEM)
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used to study the internal structure of cells
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organelles
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subcellular structures
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cell fractionation
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taking cells apart and separating the major organelles from each other
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ultracentrifuges
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powerful machines used in cell fractionation
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cytosol
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semifluid substance within the membrane where organelles are found
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prokaryotic cell
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"before nucleus" DNA is found in nucleiod, but there is no membrane present to separate from the rest of the cell
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eukaryotic cell
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"true nucleus"; has a true nucleus bound by a membranous nuclear envelope
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cytoplasm
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the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane; the interior of a prokaryotic cell
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plasma membrane
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a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes into the cell
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nucleus
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the chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell
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nuclear envelope
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membrane enclosing the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm
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nuclear lamina
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a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope
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chromosomes
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structures which the DNA Is arranged into, carrying the genetic information
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chromatin
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material which chromosomes are composed of, a complex of proteins and DNA
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nucleolus
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a specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes
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ribosomes
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the organelles responsible for protein synthesis
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endomembrane system
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the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of vesicles
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vesicles
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sacs of membrane
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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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"within the cytoplasm" "little net"
an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions |
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smooth ER
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the portion of the ER that is free of ribosomes
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rough ER
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the portion of the ER studded with ribosomes
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glycoproteins
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a protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate
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transport vesicles
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a tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell
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Golgi apparatus
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an organelle of eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the ER
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lysosome
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a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes used by an animal cell to digest macromolecules
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phagocytosis
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process of engulfing/consuming smaller organisms or food particles (used by amoebas and other protists); how food vacuoles are formed
lysosome digesting food |
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autophagy
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lysosome breaking down damaged organelle to recycle the cell's own material
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food vacuoles
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organelles formed by phagocytosis
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contractile vacuoles
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they pump excess water out of the cell to maintain appropriate concentrations of salts and other molecules
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central vacuole
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a membranous sac in the plant cell with roles in reproduction, growth, and development
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tonoplast
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membrane enclosing the central vacuole in plant cells
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