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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Light microscope |
an optical instrument with lenses that bend visible light to magnify images of specimens |
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organelles |
any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells
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electron microscope |
a microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a specimen, resulting in a practical resolutions that is 100-fold greater than that of a light microscope |
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scanning electron microscope |
used to study fine details of cells surfaces
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transmission electron microscope |
used to study the internal structures of thin sections of cells
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cytoplasm |
the semifluid portion of cytoplasm
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plasma membrane |
the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition
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nuclear envelope |
in a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. the outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum
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nuclear lamina |
a netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of the nucleus |
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chromatin |
the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. when the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of a very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope |
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nucleolus |
a specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
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chromosomes |
a cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules |
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ribosomes |
a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
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endomembrane system |
the collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles
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vesicles |
a membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
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ER |
an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the otter nuclear membrane and composed of rough and smooth regions |
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Smooth ER |
that portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes
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Rough ER |
that portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached
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glycoproteins |
a protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates
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transport vesicles |
a small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell |
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lysosome |
a membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic cycle in the cytoplasm
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phagocytosis |
a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell
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vacuoles |
a membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells |
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food vacuoles |
a membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food
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contractile vacuoles |
a membranous sac that helps move excess water out of a certain fresh-water protist |
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central vacuoles |
in a mature plant cell, a large membranous with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances |
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mitochondria |
organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses O2 to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP |
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chloroplasts |
an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 and H2O
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endosymbiont theory |
theory that mitochondria and plastids originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell and then evolved into a single organism |
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cristae |
infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion; houses the electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP
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mitochondrial matrix |
compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA
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thylakoids |
flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast; membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy |
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granum |
a stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast; function in the light reactions of photosynthesis |
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stroma |
the dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from CO2 and H2O
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plastids |
one of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts; found in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes
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peroxisome |
an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to O2, producing and then degrading H2O2
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cytoskeleton |
a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport and signaling functions |
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motor proteins |
a protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell
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microtubules |
a hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella
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centrosomes |
structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division; has two centrioles
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centrioles |
a structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of mircotubule triplets
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flagella |
a long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion
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cilia |
a short appendage containing
microtubules in eukaryotic cells |
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basal body |
may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole
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microfilaments |
a cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also called an actin filament |
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actin |
globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other kinds of cells |
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pseudopodia |
cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding
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cytoplasmic streaming |
a circular flow of cytoplasm, involving interactions of myosin and actin filaments, that speeds up the distribution of materials within the cell
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intermediate filaments |
components of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments |
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cortex |
outer region of cytoplasm in a cell
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cell wall |
protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plants
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extracellular matrix |
meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by animals |
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collagen |
glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animals cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone
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proteoglycans |
a large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chain attached, found in the ECM of animal cells |
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fibronectin |
an extracellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to the extracellular matrix |
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integrins |
in animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with two subunits that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton
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plasmodesmata |
an open channel trough the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules pass between cells |
